A 
OF THE 

dutch language: 

WITH AN 

APPEND IX, /§ / J?/ 

CONTAINING 

RULES, PRACTICAL EXERCISES, 

DIALOGUES, LETTERS, A SPECIMEN 

FOR READING, $c. 

r BY 

J, B. VAN HASENDONCK, B. A. 

FORMERLY A MEMBER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF L0UVA1N. 



THE SECOND EDITION, IMPROVED. 



Linguarum diversitas alienat horninem ab liomine, et propter 
solata linguarum diversitatera, nihil prodest ad consociaudoS 
homines tanta similitudo naturae. 

S. Jugust. de Civil. Dei, 






LONDON : 

PRINTED TOR BOOSEY & SONS, BROAD STREET, ROYAL EXCHANGE \ 

LONGMAN, HVRST, REES, OEME, & BROWN, PATERNOSTER 

ROW? J. COLLINGWOOD, STRAND; & JOHN RICHARDSON, 

ROYAL EXCHANGE. 



4 %" 



^ 

^ 



s>mmip&®i£<* 



X N the followifig work, it has been the Author's princi- 
pal object to compress the greatest quantity of useful 
matter into the least possible compass, In consequence of 
many years extensive public and private teaching he has 
been enabled to form a just estimate of those difficulties 
which mors particularly arrest the scholar in his progress, 
and to apply an efficient remedy ', by appropriate explana- 
tions and progressive arrangements. His Grammar, he 
trusts } will be found an improvement upon those which 
have preceded it, and occasionally elucidated by new and 
apposite remarks. 



The several parts of speech are arranged in their usual 
order, and each enlarged upon as much as the nature of 
his limits would permit : the exercises in each rule cannot 
fail of being highly serviceable to the scholar, who, at 
the same time that he renders his native language into 
£>utch, must, by the repetition of his own translation, 
acquire a rapid accumulation of words, and add to his 
knowledge that most difficult attainment in all languages, 
the peculiar construction of the language, or its phraseo' 
logy and idioms, which are not to be accurately rendered 
by any literal translation whatsoever. 

This Grammar might have been more enlarged by 
giving rules of pronunciation ; but this indispensable re- 
quisite to those who desire to speak the language, cannot 
be correctly acquired by the most elaborate essays.— An 
hour under the tuition of a good matter is more effectual 
ihun a volume on the same subject, for the inflexions of 
sound must be attained viva voce, and not by a dead 
letter. — Indetd, in this particular, the Dutch closely re- 
sembles the English, as it is wholly unencumbered with 
accentuation in printing, from a supposition that the 
sense is always sufficient to point out the proper pronun- 
ciation. 



In the Dialogues the greatest variety, has been intro- 
duced, and them ost modern orthography adopted, not- 
withstanding the best Luthors do not exactly agree. — In 
the high state of commercial intercourse which is re' 
commencing (and the Author hopes will ever continue) 
between England and Holland, the mercantile and ele- 
mentary letters will deserve the attention of the student, 
and form his stile in an easy and elegant manner. 

The Author might have extended his book, and have 
enlarged the price, but as he equally aimed at azconomy 
and reputation, he has confined it to a moderate volume^ 
convinced nevertheless that it contains all that it fun- 
damentally necessary to the scholar and useful to the 
tutor. *■ 

The Author cannot close this Preface without present- 
ing his sincere and grateful acknowledgements to the 
British nation for the kindnesses he has received, whether 
in the line of private tuition or public teaching, and 
which he hopes will be continued to him in his capacity of 
an Author. — Driven from his native country by political 
adversity, he found an asylum in this happy land, and to 
this country his talents and acknowledgements shall be 



offered as Io?ig as he has the capacity to be sensible cf its 
kindness. — Were fie not stimulated by motives like these 
the flattering encomiums he has professionally received 
would nevertheless make it his highest happiness to deserve 
that approbation he has so liberally enjoyed, 

THE AUTHOR. 



PREFACE 



%ceont> <2EBttton. 



By comparing the second with the former Edition, 
it will he perceived that the Author has made very con- 
siderable alterations, omitting some parts which his ex- 
perience has convinced him were less important^ and in* 
serting others which more immediately applied to the 
Scholar's improvement and critical knowledge of the 
Dutch language. Phraseology, in all countries, is of 
that arbitrary construction ivhich is not to be translated 
hy any of the general rules of grammar, and hence an 
idiomatic sentence must be taken collectively, and ren- 
dered in the same way. Custom has sanctioned this mode 
of speech, but good writers seldom diverge much from 
the rules of syntax, and in this respect are denominated 
more or less classical. However erroneous it may be not 



to adopt the latter mode, yet, in compliance ivith the 
arbitrary arrangement of colloquial custom, it has been 
thought proper to insert as many as our limits would allow. 
The object in the present edition has been to compress the 
elements of the language into a moderate compass, and 
to present all that is necessary without diffusion. 

The Author has a second time to return his thanks in 
this new edition for the approbation and encouragement 
evinced by the sale of the former one. In return for this 
favour, he has diligently revised ivhat has been retained 
of the original work, and added such new rules, notes, 
and observations, as appeared to him necessary to facili- 
tate equally the advantage of the Master and the Scholar. 
Brighton, Jan. 1823. J. B. H. 




A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR 



DUTCH LANGUAGE 



JJuTCH Grammar is the art of speaking and writ- 
ing the Dutch language according to rules established 
by custom. 

In this language, as in others, letters, syllables, words, 
and sentences, are its object. The letters are — a, b, e, 
d, e, f, g, b, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q*, r, s, t, v, u, 
w, x, y, z. These letters are divided into vowels and 
consonants ; the vowels are : — a, e, i, o, u, and y, which 
are so called, because they can be sounded by them- 
selves ; the rest of them are called consonants, be- 
cause they cannot be uttered without a vowel either be- 
fore or after them. 

A diphthong is a coalition of two, and sometimes, 
of three vowels, to form one sound, as : dauw, dew; 
weiden, meadows ; geur, smell, vernieuivd, renewed. 



* Instead of this letter, kw is substituted, except in words 
derived from foreign languages, as : questie, question, 



A vowel when double makes the syllable longer, 
as : vaardig, ready ; aan, to; or alters the meaning, as : 
man, man; maan, moon; kop, head; koop, bargain. 
A syllable is a sound pronounced by a simple im- 
pulse of the voice, constituting a word or a part of it, 
as : grooty great ; grootheid, greatness ; droog, dry ; 
droogte, dryness. 

Concerning the division of words into syllables, ob- 
serve, 1st. When a single consonant comes in the middle 
of a word, it is to be joined to the latter syllable, as : 
vroo-me, honest ; Ro-mei-nen, Romans. 2d. When two 
consonants stand in the middle of the word, the former 
adheres to the first syllable, and the latter to the last, as: 
win-nen, to gain ; bed-den, beds ; ver-meer-derd, in- 
creased ; but when two or more consonants are pro- 
nounced together, and so may fitly begin a word, they 
must be annexed to the latter syllable, as : be-schaamd, 
ashamed ; ge-dwaald, erred ; ge-dwon-gen, forced. 

A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable : of 
two, a dissyllable : of three, a trisyllable ; and a word 
of four or more syllables is called a polysyllable. 

Words are articulated sounds, used by commou con- 
sent as signs of our ideas. If so, it will not be amiss 
to notice a remark of a modern writer and publisher 
of a Latin pamphlet — " Sundry Satires and Letters, to 
make his Fellow-Citizens social" — (i A Political Inter- 
course with Napoleon in the Year 1811" — "Poems, 
Philanthropic Essays," &c. who, under the head of 
Grammar observes : — * 6 At first, the learner should 
" be well initiated in the true pronunciation of that 
" language, that he may with ease and accuracy read 



°'what is submitted to his sight ; therefore a skilful 
" master, who knows how much prevails on the first 
" impression in a pupil, will spend some lessons solely 
" on that subject. " 



LIST of WORDS and SHORT DIALOGUES, 



ADAPTED FOR 



Exercises on the Dutch Pronunciation, 



Man, man 
Vat> barrel 
Kam, comb 
Ram, ram 
Ga, go 
Pa-pa, papa 
Via, custard "*" 
A-men, amen 
A-der, vein 
A~zie, Asia 
Graad, fishbone 
Daad, action 
Dak, roof 
Slag, stroke 
Dag, day 
Pad, path. 
Straat, sireet 
Laat, late 
Gaan,, to go 



Plant, plant 
Land, country 
Stand, condition 
Si ad, town 
JFffs, wax 
Ha-len, to fetch 
Ma len, *o grind 
Za-dtl, saddle 
Ma-tig, frugal 
A-dam, Adam 
A-vond, evening 
A-dem, breath 
Da-ken, roofs 
Sla-gen, strokes 
Da-gen, days 
Pa-den, paths 
Tafl/, language 
Ztffld, seed 
Lfl/zw, alley 
B £ 



Vra-gen, to ask 
Pla-gen, to torment 
W'a-gen, to hazard 
Bed, bed 
Bel bell 
Afe/A:, milk 
Vet, fat 

UeA", beak, mouth 
Nek , neck 
IVe-gen, to weigh 
Ve-gen, to wipe 
Ge-ven, to give 
Mo-de, fashion 
#/o/-/e, stuff 
Zwaar-te, heaviness 
Moei-te, difficulty 
tleety hot 
Geest, spirit 
Jieest, beast 
Meest, most 
Gee/, yellow 
Meel, meal 
Fee/, much 
Lee-ren, to learn 
Bee?i, bone, leg 
Sleen, stone 
Klee-den, to dress 
Kee-ren, to turn 
Srnee-ken, to conjure 
Ufl?, member 
Zm, sense 
/-rffl, Ida 



Sla-gen, to succeed 
Wa gen, chariot 
7m -gen, to saw 
«S7ew, voice 
i/em, him 
Ge/i;, fool 
F/e&, village 
/S/?eA:, bacon 
De-gen, sword 
Ze-gen, blessing 
We-zcn, to be 
Le-zen, to read 
Be-ven t to tremble 
Zwak-te, weakness 
Groot-te, grandeur 
DIep-te, deepness 
Slii-ie, quietness 
Dee-len, parts 
Bee-nen, bones 
Stee-nen, stones 
Bet-ren, bears 
Hee-ren, gentlemen 
Lee-lijk, ugly 
Gee#, none 
.Km, chin 
Bil, thigh 
Mis£, dung 
Pik, pitch 
F-FiW, wind 
JFi/, will 
I-voor, ivory 
I-talu, Italy 



5 



Mijn, my 
Zijn, his 
Wijn, wine 
Pijn, ache 
Stom, muet 
Dom, stupid 
Hond, dog 
Stof, stuff 
io/", praise 
SfoA:, stick 
Ho-ven f gardens 
Bo~ven, above 
Lo-ven, to praise 
Loo-nen, to reward 
Zo-nen, sons 
No-ten, nuts 
Oo»r, uncle 

Loop, course 

P00&, dagger 

Loo-den, leaden 

Doo-den, to kill 

Zoo-len, soles 

Looker, more cunning 

Groo-te, great 

Noo-ten, notes 

Z)ww, thin 

Pm*, well 

.Lm$£, list 

JBm/, bull 

Muren, walls 

Du-ren, to last 

V-ren, hours 



fFi/s, wise 
Z$sf, list 
Pr/js, price 
-Z(//i, to be 
Wond, wound 
Pond, pound 

Vonk, sparkle 

Hof, garden 

Klock, clock 

Rok, coat 

Mo-gen, to may 

Zo-mer, summer 

O-ven, open 

Ho-nen, to injure 

Zo-den, turfs 

Schoof, sheaf 

Loog t lye 

Hoop, hope 

Too-nen, to show 

Kroo-nen, to crown 

Troo-nen, thrones 

Moo-ren, moors 

Moo-ten, slice 

Schoo-te.n, laps 

Kus-sen^ to kiss 
Zus ter, sister 

Bur-ger, citizen 
Mwtfs, cap 
Ge-rust, quiet 
Hul-de, homage 
Kw-ren, fires 
Hit-ren, to hire 

B 2 



DIPHTHONGS. 



DAUW, dew 
Pans, pope 
Paauw, peacock 
Naauw, narrow 
Zeil, sail 
Steil, steep 
Pa-leis, palace 
Reuk, smell 
Beul, executioner 
Heup, hip 
Eeuw, age 
Leeuw, lion 
Met, no 
Niets, nothing 
Zte/, soul 
Knie, knee 
F/jg^, fly 
Wieg, cradle 
StoeJ, chair 
Foe^ foot 
Roet, sot 
Moed, courage 
Spoed, speed 
Koud, cold 
Mout, wood 
Keu-ken, kitchen 
Heu-vel, hill 
Breu-ken, fractions 
Muis, mouse 
-HWs, house 



£#?/$, sauce 
Pau-lus, Paul 
Gaauw, quick 
Laauw, lukewarm 
Fon-tein, fountain 
Sprei-den, to spread 
Rei-zen, to travel 
Sneeuw, snow 
Schreeuw, cry 
Vlie-gen, to fly 
Lie-gen, to lie 
Pie-ter, Peter 
Bie-den, to offer 
Lie-den, people 
Vlie-den, to fly 
Voe-len, to feel 
Roe-pen, to call 
Noe-men, to name 
Moe-ten, must 
Zoe-7ien, to kiss 
Bouwen, to build 
7>0& w^ra, to thrust 
Stout, naughtily 
Mouw, sleef 
Fbwtt?, plait 
Schout, bailiff 
Moor, fine 
jffooi, hay 
Lw/s, louse 
JSieuw, new 



Schouiv-burg, playhouse 

Bouten, ducks 

Dooi, thaw 

Bui-den, to ring the bell 

Groei-jen, to grow 

Boei-jen, 



VoU'iven, to plait 
Kooi, cage 
Slui-ten, to shut 
Flui-ten, to whistle 
Loei-jen, 
Hoei-jen. 



CONSONANTS. 



Band, bound 
Bra-den, to roast 
Bran-den, to burn 
Boek, book 
Cij-fer, cipher 
Don der, thunder 
Bom, stupid 
Geld, money 
Ge-ven, to give 
Dicht, poem 
Nacht, night 
Breng, bring 
Brood, bread 
Blind, blind 
Ce-tfe/, list 
Ci-troen, citron 
Co-los-sus, Colossus 
Dww, thin 
Dau, thaw 
JFowf, fault 
Feest, feast 
(Jjfer, offer 
Ge-slarfit, gender 



Bin-den, to tie 
Ber-gen, mountains 
Bre-ken, to break 
Cir-kel, circle 
Dui-vel, devil 
Dub-bel, double 
Gnz/, grave 
Goerf, good 
Licht, light 
Kracht, force 
Vracht, freight 
Schoon, fine 
Schans, sconce 
Schijn, shine 
Schelp, shell 
JoMg-, young 
*/#, yes 
JwZi/, July 
Ge-wigt, weight 
Zigt-baar, visible 
Gift gift 

Gracht, ditch, moat 
School, school 



i 



Schrij-ven, to write 
Ju-ivs-dcr, jeweller 
Ju-nij 9 June 
Kan, pot 
Kom, come 
Kwam, came 
Kunst, art 
Kroon, crown 
Land, country 
Haw?, lame 
JLos, loose 
.Mew, one 
M«s£, fog 
My, me 
Mes, knife 
iVeew, no 
Ke-tens, chains 
Klee-den, to dress 
Kussen, to kiss 
Lak-ken, to seal 
Zui-len, columns 
Min-der, less 
Mas-ten, masts 
Vlam-men, flames 
Nim-mer, never 
iViief, not 
IVesf, nest 
iVtff, wet 
2Vo0<?, need 
Po<, pot 
Pottf, paw 



En-gelsch, English 
Poes, pus 
Kap, cap 
Reeds, already 
Roem, glory 
Rond, round 
/?«»?, ram 
Se-dert, since 
Noo-dig, necessary 
Zin-nen, senses 
Pa-pier, paper 
Klap-pen, to prattle 
Plan-hen, shelfs 
Rij-men, to rhyme 
Rijden, to ride 
Re-den, reason 
Stra-len, beams 
Sa-bel, sabre 
Sol-daat, soldier 
Sui-Jcer, sugar 
Staal, steel 
7>er, tender 
Teew, toe 
Yam, tame 
Fara, of, from 
Pee/, much 
ra<f, field 
W, fall 
Friend, friend 
Worst, sausage 
Wond, wound 



Wei, vveJl 
Was, wax 
Wie, who 
Xer-xes, Xerxes 
Kussen, to kiss 
Sus-sen, to silence 
Das-sen, cravats 
Potten, pots 
Van gen, to catch 
JWew, to fall 
Vor-men, to form 
Le-ven, to live 
Ge-ven, to give 
Wer-ken, to work 
Wit-ten, to whiten 
Wil-len, to will 
Xe-no-phon, Xenophon 
Zi«, seuse 
2Tc??, sun 
Zoon, son 
Zj/72, to be 
Zee;?, soap 

AUeenig, alone 
Berigt, report, account 
Dragt, weight 
Gewigt, weight 
Gezigt, sight 
Jtfg?, yacht 
Magt, power 
Doch, but 
Doo*, dog 



Gelag, scot 
Zon-der, without 
Zin-gen, to sing 
Zo-mer, summer 
/A' »wg*£, I might 
Opregt, sincere 
Opzigt, direction 
Verrigten, to executs 
Zigtbaar, visible 
Dicht, poem 
Digt, closed 
Gelach, laughing 
Geslagt, killed 
Geslacht, gender 
Nog, still 
Noch, no 
IVigt, weight 
Wicht, babby, little child. 
Licht, light 
Zi£f, light 
Slachten, to resemble 
Slagten, to kill 

Alreede, already 
Betigten, to accuse 
Beeren, bears 
Beleedigen, to insult 
Bleeken, to bleach 
Breede, large, broad 
Deegen, dough 

Eeden, oaths 

Eeren, to honour 



10 



Geeselen, to whip 
Heeten, to call 
Kleeden, to dress 
Krahelen, to quarrel 
Leelijk, ugly 
Leer en, to learn 
Meenen, to mean 
Ree, doe 

Streelen, to strobe 
Teeder, tender 

JBeete, red beet 
JBe*e, bit 
Geene, none 
Ge»rr, the latter 
Ileelen, to cure 
Helen, to conceal 
Leenen, to lend 
Lenen, to lean 

Alzoo, thus 
Behooren, to belong 
JBoomen, trees 
JBoonen, beans 
Doozen, boxes 
Droogen, to dry 
Droomen, to dream 
Grooter, greater 
Hooger, higher 
Kleinooden, jewels 
Kroonen, to crown 
Loonen to reward 
Loopen, to leap 



Teeken, sign 

XArc, tea 

T&ee, two 

Fiee, catle 

Vleeschelijk, carnal 

Vreezen, to fear 

Weenen, to weep 

£ee, sea 

Zweemen, to resemble 

Zweelen, sweat 

Reede, road 
Rede, speech 
Steenen, stones 
Stenen, to groan 
fVeeken y to steep 
Weken, weeks 
fffozew* orphans 
Wezen, to be 

Mooien, slice 
Nooden, needs 
Onnoozel, innocent 
Oomen, uncles 
Ooren, ears 
Rooken, to smoke 
Stooten, to push 
Stroo, straw 
Stroomen, floods, rivers 
Tooneel, stage, theatre 
Toontn, to show 
£00, thus 
Zoomen, to seam 



11 



DIALOGUES. 



WIJ leeren de hollandsche 

taal, 
Laat ons hollandsch spreken, 
Wees oplettend, 
Spreek duidelijk, 
Spreek uit, 
Spreek niet te gaauw, 
Dat is beter, 
Gij hebt gdijk, 
Gij hebt ongelijk, 
Het is mogelijk, 
Het is niet onmogdijk, 
Het is waar ? 
Js het waar ? 
Is het niet waar ? 
Ik weet het, 
Hij weet het niet, 
Weet hij het 1 
Weten zij het ? 
f Netn ; nitmand weet Jut, 



WE learn the Dufch lan- 
guage. 
Let us speak Dutch. 
Pay attention. 
Speak distinctly. 
Pronounce. 

Don't speak too quick 
That is better 
You are in the right. 
You are in the wrong. 
It is possible. 
It is not impossible. 
It is true. 
Is it true ? 
Is it not true 1 
I know it. 
He don't know it. 
Does he know it ? 
Do they know it ? 
No -, nobody knows it. 



Ik verzeker u, 
Ik heb get gezien, 
Ik heb het gehoord, 



I assure you. 
I have seen it. 
I have heard it. 



12 



Op mijne ecr, 

Geloof mij, 

Gelooft gij hem? 

Geloof t gij hoar niet ? 

gij bedriegt mij, 

Hij bedriegt u niet, 

Gij hebt het mis, 

Wie spreekt daarl 

Ik ben het, 

Wat vertelt gij ? 

Wat zegt hij 1 

Zegt hij iets? 

Hij spreekt altijd, 

Hij zegt de waarheid, 

Zwijg, 

Spreek geen enkel woord, 

Ik gehoorzaam, 



Upon my honour. 

Believe me. 

Do you believe him ? 

Don't you believe her ? 

She deceives me. 

He does not deceive you. 

You are mistaken. 

Who speaks there ? 

It is I. 

What do you tell ? 

What does he say ? 

Does he say any thing ? 

He speaks always. 

He speaks true. 

Be silent. 

Don't speak a single word 

I obey. 



Kom hier, 

Verstaat gij mij, 

Verstaat gij mij niet ? 

Ik geloof ja, 

Ik geloof het niet, 

Maak plaats, 

Ga daar zitten, 

Ga uwen weg-, 

Wacht een weinig, 

Ik kom dadelijk, 

Maak haast, 

Ik durf niet, 

Ik ben *er bang voor. 



Come hither. 

Do you understand me } 

Does she not understand me 

I believe yes. 

I don't believe it. 

Make room. 

Sit down there. 

Go your way. 

Wait a little. 

I come immediately. 

Make haste, 

I dare not. 

I am afraid of it. 



1c 



Gij komt terug, 

Komt zij terug 1 

Waar is uw nee/1 

Waar zijn uwe breeders ? 

Waar zijn uwe vrienden ? 

Zij zijn in den titfri, 

Zij gaan naar de buiten- 

plaats, 
Zij komen terug, 



You come back, 
Does she come back r 
Where is your cousin r 
Where are your brothers ? 
Where are your friends ? 
They are in ihe garden. 
They go to the country seat. 

They come back. 



Kent gij dien man ? 

Kent zij die dame? 

Kennen zij ons 1 . 

JSeen, zij kennen nianand, 

Ik geioof, dat zij ons aV.en 
kennen, 

Het kan waar zijn, 

Ik twijfel er nan, 
Twijfdt gij er aan ? 
Wij iwjfelen met, 
Wij zijn er verzekerd van, 
Wij zullen het vragen, 
Vraagt gij iets 1 
Neen, zvij vragen zelden, 
Dat verwonderi mif, 
Het verwondert tnij, 
Ik spreek het niet tegai, 

Dat verheugt mij, 
Verheugt het u \ 



Do you know that man r 

Does she know that lady ? 

Do they know us ? 

No, they know nobody. 

I suppose, they know us 
all. 

It may be true. 

I question it. 

Do jou doubt of it? 

Wc do not doubt. 

We are assured of if. 

We will ask it. 

Do you ask something ? 

No, we seldom ask. 

I wonder at it. 

It surprises me. 

I say nothing to the contra- 
ry. 
I am glad of it. 
Are you glad of it ? 



14 



Wat weer is het van daag ? 

Het is goed weer, 

Is het goed weer ? 

Het is slecht weer, 

Is het slecht weer 1 

Je, het is zeer slecht weer, 

Was het slecht weer \ 

Het regent, 

Regent het? 

Regent het niet ? 

He t regent dat het giet, 

Het dondcrt, 

B under t het 7 . 

De donder rommelt, 

Het hliksemt, 

Zie daar een'bliksemsiraal, 

Ik zie eenen regenboog, 

Ik hen nat, 

Zijt gij ook nat ? 

c /iz, een weinig, 

Ik zie het niet, 

Het vriest, 

Het vriest zeer hardy 

Vriest het niet 1 

Het sneeuwt, 

Sneeuwt het met! 

Het is veranderlijk weer, 

Het is onbestendig weer, 

De wind is veranderd, 



How is the weather to day ? 

It is good weather. 

Is it good weather ? 

It is bad weather. 

Is it bad weather ? 

Yes, it is very bad weather. 

Was it bad weather? 

It rains. 

Does it rain ? 

Does it not rain ? 

It rains as fast as it can pour. 

It thunders. 

Does it thunder ? 
The thunder roars. 

It lightens. 

There is a Hash of light- 
ning. 
I see a rainbow. 

I am wet. 

Are you wet too r 

Yes, a little. 

I don't see it. 

It freezes. 

It freezes very hard. 

Does it not freeze ? 

It snows. 

Does it not snow ? 

It is changeable weather. 

It is variable weather. 

Tfee wind is changed. 



15 



Het waait hard, 
Daar is veel wind, 

Het zal stormen, 

Het begint op tc kelderen, 

De zon schijni, 

Sehijnt de zon ? 

Het is beet, 

Het is le heet, 

De heete is zeer hindrrlijk, 

Het is stikkend heet, 



The wind blows hard. 
There is a great deal of 

wind 
We shall have a storm. 
It begins to clear up. 
The sun shines. 
Does the sun shine X 
\\ is hot 
It is too hot. 

The heat is very inconvenient. 
It is sultry hot. 



6. 



Hoe vaart gij ? 

Hoe vaart zij ? 

Zeer icel, 

Tot uwen dienst, 

Zeer wel, 

Tamelijk icel, 

Ik ben tr verblijd over, 

Het verheugt mif, 

Hoe vaart mv vaderl 

Hij vaart zeer wel 9 

Maar mijne moder is ziek, 

Zij heeft de koorts, 

Zij heeft eene koude gevat, 

Zij heeft hoofdpijn, 

Heeft zij buikpijn ? 

De dokter komt, 

Hij zal het o?is zeggen, 

Zij is gevaarlijkziek, 



How do you do ? 
How does she do ? 
Very well. 
At your service. 
Extremely well. 
Tolerably well. 
I am glad of it. 
It rejoices me. 

How does your father do ? 

He is very well. 

But my mother is sick. 

She has the fever. 

She has got a cold. 

She has got the head-ache. 

Has she a belly-ache ? 

The physician comes. 

He will tell it us. 

She is dangerously ill. 



If) 



Zij heeft eene brandende 

koortSf 
Is hetzene afgaande koorts ? 
In hit geheel niet, 
Het gevaar is over, 
Ik dacht dat zij onherstel- 

baar was, 

Goeden morgen, 

Goeden avond, 

Goeden dag, 

Ik wensch u eenen goeden 

morgen, 
Ik wensch u hetzelfde, 
Floe hebt gij dezen nacht 

gestagen ? 
Zeer wet, 

Ik heb vast gestagen, 
Ik niet te wet, 
Ik was versckrikt, 
Ik was ongesteld, 
Ik was misnoegd, 
Wij wareh boos, 
fflij konen gecn o<og toe 

de'en, 
Dat is onaangenaam, 
Dat is vervelendj 



She has a burning fever 

Is it an intermitting fever ? 
Not at all. 
The danger is past. 
J thought she was past reco- 
very. 
7. 

Good morning. 
Good evening. 
Good day. 
I wish you a good morning. 

I wish it you likewise. 

How did you sleep last night ? 

Very well. 

I have slept very soundly, 

I am not too well. 

I was frightened. 

I was indisposed. 

I was discontented. 

We were angrj\ 

We could not get a wink at 

sleep. 
That is disagreeable. 
That is tiresome. 



Waar is mijne spraalkunst ? Where is my grammar ? 
Hebt gij m'ljn sehrijfboek? Have you my writing book r 
Heeft zijmijnenpennenkokfrl Has she my pen-case ? 



Waar hebt gij mo boek ge- Where did you put your 

legd ? book ? 

Ik heb het op de tafel ge- I put it upon the table. 

legd, 

Het is een uur gefetten, It is an hour ago. 

Het is verloren, It is lost. 

Zij heeft het gevonden, She has found it. 

Geloof het niet, Don't believe it. 

Gij bedriegt u, You are mistaken. 

Leg de boeken op hunne Put your books in their pla- 

plaatSy ces. 

Dan zult gij dezelve niet Then you will never loose 

verliezen, them. 

Gij hebt gelijk, You are in the right. 
Ikweet hetbij ondervinding, I know it by experience. 

Vermaak mj eene pen, Make me a pen. 

Ik heb er u deztn morgen I have made you one this 

eene vennaakt, morning. 

Zij devgt niet, It is good for nothing. 

Zij is zeer goed, It is very good. 

Zij is veel beter, It is much better. 

De inkt is te dik, The ink is too thick. 

Zij vloeit niet, It does not run. 

Zij is zivart genoeg, It is black enough. 
Doe er eenige droppleswater Put some drops of water to it, 

bij. 

9- 
Geef mij papier, Give me paper. 

Gemeen papier, Common paper. 

Hoe vele bladen hebt gijnoo- How many sheets do you 

disc ? want ? 

6 c2 



IS 

Geef mij zes blade n, Give me six sheets. 

Zij zijfi tot uwen dienst, They are at your service 
Ikmoet mijn opstel schrijven, I must write my exercise. 
Ik moet mijne hollandsche I must learn my Dutch les- 

lessen leer en, son. 

Wij moeten begi?inen, We must begin. 

Moet hij geenebrieven schrij. Must he not write letters ? 

ven ? 
Ik iveet er niets van, I know nothing of it 

Hij moet aan zijnen oom He must write to his uncle. 

schrijven, 
Waar is de brief? Where is the letter ? 

Breng hem op de post, Bring it to the post-office. 

Hij is nog niet toegtmaakt, It is not yet sealed. 
Geef mij ouwels, Give me wafers. 

Hier is lak, Here is sealing wax. 

Frankeer hem, Pay the postage. 

Ik heb geen geld, I have no money. 

Leen mij wot, Lend me some. 

10. 



Wij gaan ontbijten, 
Hoe laat ontbijt gUt 

Te acht uren, 

Het onbijt it gereed, 

Wiltgij brood en boter ? 

Geef mij een kop thee, 
Ik ben een liefhebber van 
thee, 



We are going to breakfast. 
At what o'clock do you 

breakfast ? 
At eight o'clock. 
Breakfast is ready. 
Do you choose bread and 

butter ? 
Give me a cup of tea. 
I am a lover of tea. 






Ik 



Ik verkies kqffij, 
Uwe thee is heerlijk, 
Waar koopt gij die ? 
In (lien groolen winkel, 
Over de kerk, 
De thee is te sterk, 
Doe er wat water bij, 
Hier is roggmbrood, 
Geefmij kaas, 
Groene kaas, 
Dat is lekkere kaas, 
Wilt gij meer hebbenl 
Ik bedank u, 



19 

I prefer coffee. 
Your tea is excellent. 
Where do you buy \t> 
In that great shop. 
Over against the church. 
The tea is too strong, 
Add some water to it. 
Hetfe is brown bread. 
Give me cheese. 
Green cheese. 
That cheese is excellent. 
Will you have more ? 
I return you thanks. 



He t eien is gereed, 
Hel ishalfdrie, 
Het is reeds drie uren, 
Het zalhalfvier slaan, 

Ik kom met u eten, 

Gij zijt we I kom, 

Gij doet mij te veel eer aan, 

Hier is gebraden vleesch, 

Houdt gij van spinazie ? 

Ik hou er veel van, 

Dat vleesch is zeer malsch, 

Is het naar uwen smaak 1 

Zult gij eenige aardappelen 

nemen ? 
Neem een glas wijn, 



Dinner is ready. 

It is half an hour past two. 

It is already three o'clock. 

Half an hour past three will 
strike. 

I come to dine with you. 

You are welcome. 

You do me too much honour, 

Here is roast beef. 

Do you like spinach? 

I am a great lover of it. 

That beef is very tender. 

Is it to your taste ? 

Will you take some pota- 
toes ? 

Take a glass of wine. 



20 

Ik doe een goed maal, I make a good meal. 

Dat ismaar een kompliment, That is but a compliment. 
Vergeefmij, I ask your pardou. 

Neem wat gmentent Take some vegetables. 

Ik heb genoeg gegeten, I have eaten sufficiently. 

Wat zullen wij na den maal- What shall we do after dinner ? 

tijd doen ? 
Laat ons dan eene kleine Let us take then a little walk. 

wandebng doen, 
Ik stem er in toe, I agree to it. 

Dat is een goede inval, That's a good thought. 

WiJTiuUeninuweniuingaan, We shall go in your garden. 
Ik verlang denzehen te zien, I shall be glad to see it. 
Gij hebt sdiovne bloemen, You have fine flowers. 
Wij zullen de wandeling uit- We will put off the walk. 

stelltn, 
Morgen zal ik u vergezel- To-morrow I shall accompa- 

len, ny you. 

12. 
Waar gaat gij dezen avond Where do you go this eve- 

naar toe ? ning ? 

Naar den schouwburg, To the play. 

Naar het concert, To the concert. 

Zullen wij naar de Vaux- Shall we go to Vauxhall ? 

hall gaan 1 
Ja, ik houd van muzijk, Yes, I like music. 
Wij zullen op de viool spe- We shall play the fiddle. 

len, 
Zij stemt niet, It is not in tune. 

Mejuffrouw N. zingt goed, Miss N. sings very well. 
Zij heeft eene zachte en weU She has a sweet harmonious 

luidende stem, voice. 



21 

Zij is tene der beste zange- She is one of the best singers, 

ressen, 
En haar broeder een der And her brother one of the 

beste acteurs, best actors. 

Deze Vauxhall is zeerfraai, This Vauxhall is very fine. 
JSiets is prachtiger, Nothing is more magnificent. 

Het is een aardsch paradijs, It is a terrestrial paradise. 
Zij isvtrlicht door velelam- It is lighted up by many 

pen, lamps. 

Zij maken eenefraaije ver- They make a fine show. 

tooning, 
Het begint laat te worden, It begins to grow late. 
Wij sullen naar huis gaan, We are going home. 



A GENERAL VIEW OF THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 



There are in the Dutch language nine kinds of words ; 
or, as they are called, Parts of Speech, viz. 
i. Article, 5. Verb, 

2. Noun substantive, 6. Adverb, 

3. Noun adjective, 7. Preposition, 

4. Pronoun, 8. Conjunction, 

Q. Interjection. 

An Article is a little word placed before a substantive 
to determine the sense in which it is taken, as: de man, 
the man ; de vrouw, the woman : eenc slad, a town ; ecne 
pen, a pen, 



A Substantive is the name of anything, as: huh 
house ; rechtvaardigheid 9 justice. 

An Adjective is a word belonging to a substantive to 
express some quality of il, as: voorzigtig, cautious; a 
cautious man, een voorzigtig man. 

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid 
its too frequent repetition, as : ik hoorde Pieter en ritp 
hem, I heard Peter, and called him; hem is a pronoun put 
for Pieter. 

A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to 
suffer, as : ik hen, I am ; gy schryft, thou writest ; hy is 

gestagen, he is beaten. 

An Adverb is a word commonly joined to a verb, 
whence its name is derived, to express some circumstance 
of it, as : oprechtlyk, sincerely ; wyslyk, wisely ; hy doet 
wyslyk, he acts wisely 

A Preposition serves to shew the relation between 
words, as: met, with; nan, to; onder, under; hy goal 
naar Amsterdam, he goes to Amsterdam ; zy wandeld in 
den tuin, she walks in the garden. 

A Conjunction is a word used to connect chiefly sen- 
tences together, so as out of two or more sentences to 
make one ; such are, ende, and ; maar, but ; zvant, for ; 
as : zy zullen zegen-praalen, want zy zyn voorzigtig, they 
will triumph, for they are cautious. 

An Interjection is a word which expresses the pas- 
sion of the speaker, as : oh! oh ! helaas ! alas ! as : he- 
lam ! ik wees voor zyn leven, alas ! I fear for his life ; 
O deugd, hoe lieflyk zyt gy ! O virtue, how amiable art 
thou ! 



OF CASES. 
There are three cases in the Dutch language, the nomi- 
native, the possessive, and the objective.* 

The norninitive case simply expresses the name of a thing, 
or the subject of the verb, as : dejonge speeld, the boy 
plays ; de kinder en leren, the children learn. 

The possessive case expresses the relation of property or 
possession, and is formed by adding the letter s to the 
nounf, as: de pligt des leerlingn, the scholar's duty; 
myns vaders huis, my father's house. 

When a noun ends in s, the other s is omitted, as: de 
dew des huis the door of the house. 

The objective case expresses the object of an action, and 
generally follows a verb active, as : de vader helpt den zoon, 
the father assists the son ; de zoon helpt den vader ; the 
son assists the father. 
Dutch substantives are declined in the following manner : 
Singular. 
Nominative case, ten vader, a father 
Possessive case, eens vaders a father's 

Objective case, eenen vader, a father. 

Plural. 
Nominative case, vaders fathers 

Possessive case, vaders fathers' 

Objective case, vaders fathers. 

Singular, 
Nominative case, de vader, the father 

Possessive case, des vaders, the father's 

Objective case, den vader, the father. 



* The posessive is sometimes called the genitive, and tbe object- 
ive the accusative. 

t As no letter is omitted, no apostrophe is wanted. 



24 

Plural. 

Nominative case, de voders, the fathers 

Possessive case, der vaders the fathers' 

Objective case, de vaders, the fathers. 

The Dutch language, to express different connections and 
relations of one thing to another, uses, as the English does, 
for the most part, prepositions, as : van, of or from ; aan, 
to; voor, for, or before; tegen, against; achter, after, or 
behind; onder, under, among; met, with; buiien, without; 
nevem, besides, &c. — N. B. All prepositions govern the 
objective case, as : van eenen goeden vader, of a good 
father; van den man, of the man. The preposition aan, 
to, is frequently omitted, though understood, as : geev my 1 
het boek, give me the book, that rs, aan my, to me. 



A particular Delineation of the foregoing 

Parts of speech, to make use of them in 

Composition of Sentences , will be the subject 

of the following Sections. 

SECTION I. 

OF ARTICLES. 

There are two articles in the Dutch Language viz. een, 
a ; and de, the. Een is used for the masculine and neuter 
gender, and becomes eene before a noun of the feminine 
gender ; de is used before a noun of the masculine and 
feminine gender, and is changed into het, before a noun 
of the neuter gender. 

Een is called the indefinite article, and is used in a vague 






25 

sense, to point out one single thing of that kind, not 
determining what person or thing is meant, as: ik heb een 
huts noodig, I want a house, that is, any house. 

De is called a definite article, because it determines what 
particular thing is meant, as: geev my de pen, give me 
the pen, meaning a pen referred to. They are declined 
(changed) in this manner : 

Singular, 





masc. 


fern. 


neut. 




Nominative case, 


een, 


eene, 


een, 


a, or an 


Possessive case, 


eens, 


eener, 


eens, 


of a, or an 


Objective case, 


eenen, 


eene, 


een, 


a, or an. 


Nominative case, 


de, 


de, 


het, 


the 


Possessive case, 


des, 


der, 


des, 


of the 


Objective case, 


den. 


de, 


het, 


the 




Plural. 






Nominative case, 


de, 


de, 


de, 


the 


Possessive case, 


der, 


der, 


der, 


of the 


Objective case, 


de, 


de, 


de, 


the. 



The particular use and importance of articles will be seen 
in the following examples, each having a different meaning, 
through the different application of the articles : 

De zoon des konings* the son of the king, 

De zoon eens konings, the son of a king. 

Een zoon des konings, a son of the king. 

The articles must agree with their substantives in gen der 3 

number and case, as : de vader, the father; de mceder, the 

mother; het kind, the child ; der zuster, of the sister. 

The definite article is used before nouns in a general 
sense, contrary to the English, as: de mensch is sterflyk) man 
is mortal. When a noun is preceded by an adjective^ the 

D 



26 

article must be put before the adjective, as : een liejlyk man, 
an agreeable man ; de hooge huizen van Louden, the high 
houses in London. In some instances however the adjective 
precedes the article, as: zoet zyn Ue woorden, maar bitter 
zijn de uitwerkzels, sweet arc the words, but bitter the 
effects. No article is prefixed to proper names, as: 
Alexander, Virgil, Jupiter, as: Pieter woond in Amster- 
dam, de hoofdstud van Holland, Peter lives in Amsterdam, 
the capital city of Holland ; except, 1st. when the proper 
names are taken in an emiuent or metaphorical sense, as : 
hy is een Cicero, he is a Cicero. 2dly. when a substantive 
is understood, as : hy zeild in de Theems (understood 
revier) he sails in the Thames, 3rdly. when proper names 
are preceded by an adjective, as : het vermaarde I onden, 
the famous city of London ; het volk-ryk Frankryk, popu- 
lous France. 4thly. zon, sun; maan, moon; aarde, earth ; 
which take the article before them and we say : de zon, de 
maun, de aarde ; den Haag,the Hague ; de Alzaa, Alsace. 
No article is used before nouns which mean only a part 
o\ the object, and where the English word some is express- 
ed or understood, as : Karel, geev my water, Charles, give 
me water; ikheb brood, I have bread. 

No article is used after nouns and adverbs of quantity, as : 
een pond thee, a pound of tea; een paar schoenen, a pair 
of shoes ; hy heeft meet weisheid dan zyn broeder, he has 
more wisdom than his brother. 

No article is used if the substantive be preceded by a 
possessive pronoun, as: zyne ouders zyn dcftige luiden, 
his parents are excellent peopte. 

No articles are used after adjectives of dimension, as : 
Iwog, high ; breed, broad ; lang, long, as : het huis is 
hunderd voet hoog, the house is a hundred feet high. 



27 

Observe that the English article a or an, before nouns of 
measure, weight, or number, is to be rendered into Dutch 
by the definite article, as : een krovn de zak, a crown a 
bag: tier schellingen de el, four shillings a yard. 

Speaking of sovereigns, the article definite is to be put 
after the proper name, if it be followed by an ordinal num- 
ber, as : het is een ivet van Hendrick de vierde, it is a lav/ 
of Henry the fourth : but if it be followed by a title, no 
article is used, as : George, Koning van England, George, 
king of England. 

The definite article, if it be used, must be repeated 
before each substantive in the same sentence, as : de 
dood en het leven, death and life ; except they be of 
the same gender and number, as: de dtvgd enschoonheid 
van deze vrouw, the virtue and beauty of this woman ; de 
hijcn en pennen dezer kinder en, the slates and pens of the 
children : the indefinite article is always repeated, as • 
hy koopt eenen hoed en eenen rok, he buys a hat and a coat. 

-D' apostrophe may be used instead of de when it comes 
before a noun beginning with a vowel, as : D'een of 
d"ander zal gaan, either will go. Likewise we use H for 
het ; 's for des, as: '£ is eene aangename tyding voor 7 
volk, it is agreeable news for the people ; 't is 's morgens 
o/'s avonds gebeurd, it happened in the morning or in the 
evening. 

Many authors for the sake of elegance say ; den goeden 
kinder en, instead of, aan de goede kinder en, to good 
children ; eenen goeden kinde, for, aan een goed kind, to 
a good child; goeden kinder en, for, aan goede kinderen, 
to good children ; der goede vrouiv, instead of, aan de 
goede vromc, to Ihe good woman ; den goeden vrouw en, 



28 

for, aan dc goede vrouwen, to the good women ; which are 
vet remains of Hidi-Dutch dialects. 



Exercises upon the foregoing Rules* 

The king, the queen, the house, the 

koning, m.* koningin,/. huis, n. 

fashions of the Scots. — The eyes of the philosopher. 

gebruiken Schotten. oogen wysgeer, m. 

The history of Abyssinia and Nubia. — The books of 

gedenkschrift, n. en boeken 

John Milton. — A wise son makes a glad father. — 

Johan Milton, wyze zoon maakt Myden 

Children like play. — The price of bread. — 

kinderen beminnen, v. spel, n. prys, m. brood, n. 

The horror of vice, and love of virtue, 

$chrik,m. ondeugd,/. liefde, f. deugd,f. 

are the delight of a wise man. —Gaming is the 

zyn vermaak, n, spel, n. is 

ruin of young people. — The wisdom of So- 

ixdcrf, n. jortge luiden. ivysheid, f. Sd- 

crates, and the cunning of Ulysses, are famous 
crates list, f. vermaard 

in the works of the poets.— — Great events 
in tverken dickters Groote voorvallen, 

and revolutions followed the death of Caesar. — 

omwentelingen volgden 
Bring me water, and give me wine. — Your brothers 
breng geef uwe broeders 

are arrived from the Indies, they 

wedergekotnen Indien, zy 

* in. signifies masculine j /. feminine ; and n. neuter. 



29 

have some pearls, diamonds and cinnamon 

hebben paarlen, diamanten, kaneel 

brought. — An honest man is an honour to 
gebragt eerlyk is eer, f, 

society. The wisdom of Solomon and chastity 

genoodsckap, n. kuisheid, /. 

of Lucretia are wonderful. — Health loves 

wondertyk. Gezontheid, f. bemind 
sobriety and flies debauch. — Wine 

maatigheid, ontvlugt ontugt, f. word 

sold for five shillings a bottle. — Carry the 
verkogt vyf schellingen fleseh, f. Draag 

wine, beer, and plates, to the cellar. — The 

bier, n. schotels na kelder, m. 

prudence of the son. The fire, air, earth, 

voorzigtigheid,f. vuur, n. lucht,/. 

and water, are the four elements. — The fruits 

hoofdstoffen. vrugten 

of wisdom. Patience and perseverance are 

geduldy n. volharding, 

necessary to the man. — The tailor has the 

noodzaaklyk mensch kleermaker heeft 

coat brought. — Vice is detested and virtue is 

Meed, n. veracht 

beloved.— — The life of man is short. —He is a useful 
bemind. leven,ri> kort hy nutlxg 

I preacher. Eloquence, painting, 

prediker, welsprekendheid, f. schilderen, n. 

poetry belong to the imagination. — Reason 

dichtkunst, f. behooren verbeelding, f. reede, f*. 

D2 



was 


given to 


was 


gegeven 


She 


has more 




meer 



30 

man. — She has a little money. — 
heeft weinig geld, n. 
science. — He conies in the evening. 
wetenschap. Hy komt 
and writes at night. — Pynhus, to revenge the death 

schryft nagt om te wreken 

of his father Achilles, killed Priamus and Polites. — Spain 
zyns vaders Achilles, doode Spanien 

possesses the mines of Peru and Mexico. — Saltpetre is the 
bezit mijnen Saltpeter, m. 

produce of Petna in Bengal. — The cinnamon trees 
gewasn. Petna Bengal. kaneeUboomen 

grow in Ceylon. — The brewer and baker are here. — 
ivassen brouwer bakker hier. 

Honour is due to the king and magistrates. — Send me some 

komt toe overheid,/. Zend 

fish, some eggs and coals. — She sells fruit. — The 

visch eyeren koolen verkoopt fruit. 

ant is the emblem of industry : the lamb and 
mier, f. zinnebeeld, n. nyverig field,/, lam, n. 

dove of weakness and humility. Wine 

duive,/. zagtmoedigheid,/. ootmoedigheid, f. 

sells for twenty pence a bottle. — He sells the 

wordt verkogt 20 stuyvers 

cotton four shillings a yard. —We saw the master and 

kattoenj. Wy zagen meester 

pupils. — —The boy and girl learn the lessons. 

leerlingen. jongen, m. meisje, n. leeren lessen. 






31 



SECTION II. 

OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. 

A Substantive is the name of auy thing that exists, or can 
be conceived, as : aarde, earth ; boom, tree ; verdrag, 
contract. 

A substantive (noun) is either proper or common : — 
A proper is the name of an individual, as: Hendrick, 
Henry; JLodewyk, Lewis; Amsterdam, Amsterdam. 

A common is a name applicable to all beings of the same 
kind, as: steen stone ; paard, horse. 

From the primative nouns are formed others, called 
derivatives and diminutives, as : vischer, fisher ; from visch, 
fish; vrouwtje, little woman, from vrouw, woman ; steentje, 
little stone, from steen, stone. 

Others are called verbals, derived from verbs, as : wan- 
deling, walk, from wandelen, to walk ; getuigenis, witness, 
from gctuigen, to witness. 

Some nouns are compounded of two nouns, joined to- 
gether by an hyphen, the first becomes an adjective, ex- 
pressing the quality of the second, as: regen-water, rain- 
water ; water-molen, water-mill ; timmer-man, carpenter ; 
zee-paard, sea-horse; de fiegen zang-godinen, the nine 
muses. 

Some are compounded of a substantive and an adjective, 
as : volk-ryk, populous ; zin-ryk, energetic. 

In some compound words, the first is the possessive case 
of the second, as: koopvaarders-schepen, merchants' 
ships; krygs-magt, military power. 

To substantives belong gender, number, and case. 



32 

Of Gender. 

In Dutch are three genders, as in English, viz. masculine, 
feminine, and neuter. 

Of the masculine gender are all nouns relating to males, 
as : vader, father; broeder, brother ; Pieter, Peter. 

Of the feminine gender are all nouns relating to females, 
as: moedtr* moiher ; zuster, sister; Katryn, Kate: ex- 
cept, wyf, wife, which is neuter. 

Of the neuter gender are the nouns relating neither to 
males nor to females, as : huis, house ; veld, field. 

In order to distinguish the gender of nouns, some more 
general rules will be added. 

Of the masculine gender are 

1. Nouns ending in er, and aar, derived from verbs, 
and signifying actor or doer, as : dichter, poet ; minnaar, 
lover. 

2. Nouns ending in ier, as: tuinier, gardener ; kruidenier, 
grocer. 

Of the feminine gender are, 

1. Nouns ending in ster, ing, is derived from verbs, 
as : naaister, seamstress ; bediening, office ; naavolging, 
imitation; geschiedenis, history; besneidenis, circumci- 
sion: except, vonnis, sentence; verms, varnish, which are 
neuter. 

2. Nouns ending in heid, ny, ry, as : waarheid, truth ; 
spotterny, mockery; praatery, prattling. 

3. Primitive nouns, and those derived from adjectives, 
both ending in te, as : gedaante, shape ; dieple, depth ;. 
from diep, deep ; dikte, thickness ; from dik 9 thick. 

4. Monosyllables ending in uit and agt, as: fluit f flwte ; 
schuit, barge ; spruit, sprig ; magt, power. 



38 



5. Names of rivers are commonly of the feminine gender, 
as : de Maas, the Mease : de Seine, the Seine ; except 
de Rhyn, the Rhine, which is of the masculine gender. 

6. Nouns ending in ling, which relate to persons, are 
of both genders (m. and f.) as : leerling, disciple; stedeling, 
citizen ; sterveting, mortal. 

7. Some nouns are made feminine by adding in, or es, 
to the masculine, as : vriend, friend ; vriendin, she-friend ; 
leeuw, lion ; leeuwin, lioness ; prins, prince ; primes, prin- 
cess. 

This may be understood only from nouns which have no 
proper names for their feminine ; as : man, man; vrouw, 
woman ; broeder, brother ; zuster, sister ; heer, lord ; 
dame, lady. 

Of the "neuter gender are, 

1. Nouns ending in scl, (derived from verbs :) as : druk- 
eel, print ; aanloksel, allurement ; schepsel, creature. 

2. Substantives derived from other substantives ending in 
te, as : gebeente, bones ; gesteente, stones ; gevogelle, 
fowls. 

3. Diminutive nouns, as : mandje, a little basket ; man- 
netje, a little man ; dogtertje, a little girl ; kindje, a little 
child. 

4. Adjectives used as substantives, as : het wit, white ; 
het rood, red. 

5. The infinitive of verbs taken substantively, as: het 
lezen, to read ; het tvandelen, to walk ; bet lezen verheugd 
den geest, to read rejoices the mind. 

f5. Nouns of metals, as : yzer, iron ; goud, gold ; ziher, 
silver. 



34 

7* Nouns derived from verbs, beginning with ge, ver, 
be, (provided they don't fall under the foregoing rules,) as: 
gedrag, behaviour; begrip, apprehension; verhaal, the 
relation. 

8. Nouns ending in mtnt, as : parkement, parchment. 

9. All nouns proper of cities and countries, as : het 
ryke Louden, the rich London; het uitgestrekie Rusland, 
the extensive Russia. 

There are some which vary their gender according to 
their signification, as : hof,m. garden, and hof, n. for the 
eeurt of a prince; stof, f. matter, and stof, n. dust. The 
compound words follow the gender of the last substantive, 
as : bier-kan, tankard, is feminine, kan being of that gender* 



Exercises on the foregoing Rules. 

The behaviour of John and the amendment of William 
gedrag Jan verbeetering Willem 

please me. Red, blue, and white, are the three 

behagen my. blauw, drie 

colours of England.—— - Idleness seduces the learner. — 
kleuren Engeland. Ledigheid verfeid 
Mr. D. has a handsome lady, and a fine garden 
Mynh, 2>. heeft schoone vrouw, fraaie 

The sentence is passed. Circumcision of the Jews. — 

gegeven. Jooden. 

The prattling of the neighbour and the mockery of Peter 
gebuur 



- 



35 

are intolerable. The Rhine and Thames are two fke 

onverdraagfyk. twee 

rivers. It is the dwelling of the prince and princess, 

rivieren. Het wooning 

— The lion and lioness have broken out. — The error of 
zyn uitgebroken. dwaaling 

a mortal is common. To imitate a good author is a 

gemeen. novo f gen goed schrijver 

certain rule. — The father speaks to the son.— He has 
zeker re gel, m. spree kt Hy 

given to the poor a thousand pounds. — —A habit 
gegeven armeti, duizend pond. gewoonte 

of idleness is detestable. — The wife of the poor man is 

luiheid veragtelyk van 

dead. — The valour of the officers and the braveness of 
dood kloekheid officiers stoudheid 

the soldiers have the entrenchment conquered.— Sylla 
soldaten hebben versehanzing overwonnen Sylla 
gained at Rome an absolute power.— — The depth of 
won te Romen onbepaalde magt van 

the Thames. — The maid of Orleans was a great heroine. 

maagd grooie held 

— The king and the queen are hunting.- — The duke and 

koning opdejagt her tog 

•dutches are in town. — The sun and and moon light the 

$tad,f. lichten 

earth. — The garden and the gardener both are very clean. 

tuin i beide zeer rein 

— Tfce lovers of historiography love pictures, — The 
geschiedhunde minnen qfbeddzds 



36 

teacher loves a diligent learner. — Offence is pernicious 
leeraar bemind naarstigen ergtrnis schadetyk 

to mankind Iron is a useful metal. — She is a handsome 

menschdom, n. nuttig metaal zy bevallig 

little girl. — She is from Rotterdam and he a Londoner. 
Rotterdam Londen. 



OF NUMBER. 

Number is the distinction of one from many. 

There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. 
The singular number expresses but one object, as: een 
appely an apple; een stoel, a chair; eene tafel, a table, 

The plural number signifies more objects than one, as 
appels, apples; stoelen, chairs; tajels, tables. 

Some nouns, from the nature of the things which they ex- 
press, are used only in the singular form, as : melk, milk ; 
hooi, hay : honing, honey ; vaak, sleepiness ; douw, dew ; 
tarwe, wheat; vlas, flax; gras, grass; honger, hunger; 
rogge, rye; gerst, barley; haver, oats; mout, malt; 
zout, salt: — also nouns- of virtues and vices, so far as they 
express a habit, as: liefde, charity; hoop, hope; hoo- 
wardigheids pride ; gieiigheid, avarice :— and also nouns 
of metals, as : goud, gold ; zilver, silver ; koper, copper ; 
lood t lead. 

Some are used only in the plural number, as ; harssens, 
brains; luiden, people; voorouders, ancestors; deAlpen, 
the Alps ; de Pyreneen, the Pyrenees. 

The 



The plural number of substantives is generally formed by 
adding either s or en to the singular, as: wepen, wapens, 
arras ; hand, hand, handeiu hands. Some admit of both, 
as: tafel, table ; tufeh and tafelen, tables: keten, chain, 
ketens, and kttenen, chains. 

Words of one syllable make their plural generally by 
taking en only, as: trier, a kidney, nieren kidnies; kruid, 
herb, kruiden, herbs :— except maat, companion; kok, 
cook, which take * for their plural, as : twee maats, two 
companions; driekoks. three cooks. 

Nouns of more than one syllable ending in en, take t 
only for their plural, as : molen, mill, moltns, mills ; Jong- 
en, boy, jongens, boys, 

Monosyllables ending in one consonant with one vowel 
only before it, double the final consonant, and add en to 
it for the plural, as: lip, lip, lippen, lips; zot, fool, zot' 
ten, fools. — Except from this rule 1st. tjie following: gat, 
gaten, holes; glas, glazen, glasses; slot, sloten, locks; 
spel, spclen, plays ; vat, vaten, vessels. ; dag, dagen, days; 
dak, daken, roofs; trek, treken, tricks ; pad, paden, pads ; 
weg, we gen, ways. 

Nouns ending in om, op, ek, and is, come under this rule, 
as : rykdom, rykdommen, riches ; lundschap, landschap- 
pen, landscapes: kermis, kermissen, fairs. 

2. Nouns ending in /, which make their plural by chang- 
ing / into ven, as : wyf, ivyven, wives : wolf, wo hen, 
wolves; hof, hoven, gardens. Except mof, moffen, muiFs; 
stof, stoffen, stuffs; slof, sloffen, slippers. 

Nouns ending in heid, make their plural by changing it 

E 



38 

into heden, as: schoonheid, schoonheden, beauties; boos- 
heid, boosheden, wickedness. 

Nouns ending in e take n for their plural, as : zee, ze'en, 
seas; hie, Men, bees: woestyne, woesfynen, deserts. 

Diminutive nouns take s, sometimes ns, for their plural, 
as: hondje, hondjes, little dogs; vrowtje, vrowtjens, 
little women. 

Some nouns make their plural very irregularly, as : 



Singular, 


Plural. 




been, 


beenderen, 


bones. 


blad, 


blader en, 


leaves. 


bedrog 


bedriegereien, 


deceptions. 


ei, 


eijeren, 


e ggs. 


gemoed, 


gemoederen, 


minds. 


ho en, 


hoenderen, 


hens. 


half, 


kalveren, 


calves. 


kind, 


kinder en, 


children. 


lam, 


lammeren, 


lambs. 


lied, 


liederen, 


songs. 


schip, 


schepen, 


ships. 


stad, 


steden, 


towns. 


rad, 


raderen, 


wheels. 


smid, 


smeden, 


smiths. 


volk, 


volkeren, 


people. 



The compound words of man have lieden in the plural, 
as: timmerman, timmerlieden, carpenters; tuinman, tuin- 
lieden, gardeners. 

Observe 1st. All nouns, substantive and adjective, a 
also the verbs and participles, which terminate with den or 
de in the plural, terminate with d in the singular, as God, 
Goden, Gods; hoed, hoeden, hats; raad, raden, counsels; 



89 



grond, gronde?i y grounds; ik zend, I send, wy zenden, 
we send ; hy vind, he finds ; wy vinden, we find, 
&c. — Moreover, all words which end with ten in the 
plural, end with t in the singular, as: schuit, schuiten, 
barges; punt, punten, points; voet, voeten, feet; poot, 
potent paws ; ik groet, I salute ; wy groeten, we salute. 
2nd, Nouns ending in s in the singular change it into z 
to form the plural, as : ivys, wise, wi/zen, wise ; wees, 
orphan, wezen 3 orphans; huis, huizen, houses; except 
kruis, cross, kruisen, crosses; poes, cat, poesen, cats. 

Exercises on the foregoing Rules. 

The laws of the Romans pleased many people. ■ 

Wit Roman behaagdeti veele 

Evil words corrupt good manners. — Dogs have teeth. 
kivaade woord btderven zeden hebhen tand 

•—Small ships have small sails. — The walls and beams of 

hlyne zeil maur balk 

the building arc very strong. — The tops of many houses are 

gebouw zeer sterk top veele 

blown down. — The bells ring victory in all towns 

afgewaaid klok galmen zege alle 

of the empire. — The vapours of some seas are pernicious. 
keizerryk,n. damp somruige verderfiyk 

—Three thieves are discovered. — There are no wolves 
die/ ontdekl daar getne 

in England. — The minds of the people are peaceable. ~ 

gemoed vreedzaam 

Peter and Paul are good companions. — The measures are 
Pieter goede - maat 

not all the same. — Some dogs eat bones. — The two fleets 
niet ztlve hond eeten vloot 



4(1 

are joined.-- — Many: hours, day?, weeks, months, and 

wreenigd. Vcde uur week maand 

years pass m idle works. 

jaar gaanvoorby ydile werk 

SECTION in. 
OF ADJECTIVES. 

An adjective is apart of speech which is added to a sub- 
stantive, to express its quality, as: goed, good; beleefd, 
polite; vierkaniig, square. 

Adjectives are of three genders like substantives, with 
fvhich they must agree, in gender, number, and case, as : 
het hof van eenen deugdzamen hecr, van eerie devgdzame 
vrouw, van een deugdzaam kind, the seat of a virtuous lord, 
lady, and child. 

When an adjective in the nominative case is preceded by 
J he article een, the masculine and neuter have the same ter- 
mination, as: een geJeerd kind, een geleerdman, a learned 
ciijld, a learned man; but when it is preceded by the de- 
finite article, the termination for the masculine is always in 
e, as : de geherde man, the learned man ; desterke J- vis, 
the strong George. — From this may be observed that the 
masculine adjectives terminate sometimes in e, in the singu- 
lar, like the feminine; some grammarians add n to if, in 
the nominative singular, but the exact Dutch writers reject it. 

Adjectives joined to substantives in the plural terminate 
always in e, through all the genders and cases, as : degroene 
be men, the green trees ; de goede vrouwen, the good wo- 
men ; de klyne pdardtn the little horses ; onder de gcleer- 
dc mannen, amongthe learned men. 

Nevertheless \ht learner may notice what is said in page 27 



41 



Adjectives placed before substantives are declined (i. e. 
changed) in the following manner : 



Singular. 
Masculine Gender. 



Nom.case. K™ % man 

[ae ryke man 



Pos. case. 



Obj. case. 



f eens ryken mans, 
\des* ryken mans, 
f eenen ryken man, 
\den ryken man, 



a rich man. 
the rich man. 
of a rich man. 
of the rich man. 
a rich man. 
the rich man. 



Feminine Gender. 



f eene ryke stad, 
\ de ryke stad, 
( eener ryke stad, 
\ der ryke stad, 

{eene ryke stad, 
de ryke stad, 



a rich city, 
the rich city. 

of a rich eity. 
of the rich city. 
a rich city, 
the rich city. 



Neuter Gender. 



| een ryk land, 
( het ryke land, 
C eens ryken lands, 
\des ryken lands, 
( een ryk land, 
\ het ryke land, 



a rich country, 
the rich country, 
of a rich country. 
of the rich country, 
a rich country, 
the rich country. 



Plural, for the three Genders. 
Norn. case, (de ryke \ mannen, the rich *\men. 
Pos. case. J der ryke ysteden, of the rich (cities. 
Obj. case, \deryke J landen, the rich ) tr j es ~ 
e 2 



12 

Aii adjective not preceded by any articie, nor followed 
immediately by a substantive, must be put in the neuter 
gender singular, as : zy zyn rechtvaardig, they are righte- 
ous; de soldo ten zyn klockmoedig, the soldiers are valiant: 
gelukkig is de vrouw, happy is the lady. 

Some adjectives are derived from substantives, as : broe- 
derlyk, brotherly, from breeder, brother; vGordelig, pro- 
fitable, from voordtely profit; wonderbaar, wonderful, 
from wonder. 

Some are derived from verbs, as: verstaanbaar, intelli- 
gible; beminnelyk, lovely; verkoopbaar, saleable. 

Some adjectives signify the want of some thing, and are 
made by adding loos to them ; for which the English put 
less, as; hoofdloos, headless; naamloos, nameless; geld- 
looSy moneyless. 

Some adjectives signify opposition, which are formed by 
prefixing on or mis to them, as : onbekwaam, unable; onge- 
lukkig, unfortunate; mismoedig, disconsolate. 

Some adjectives govern cases, as : shuldig, waardig, zat 9 
motde, gedachtig, which govern the possessive case: so wt 
say : zy is des doods shuldig, she deserves death ; zy zyn 
myner vriendschap waardig, they are worthy of my friend- 
ship. Some seem to govern the objective case, as : de 
leerlingen zyn den meesfer gehoorsaam, the pupils are obe- 
dient to the master: zy is hem onderworpen, she has sub- 
mitted to him, the preposition aan being understood, which 
governs the objective case. 

When two adjectives have the same termination, the 
first is omitted, as: de in en uit-wendige deelen, the inter- 
nal and external parts. — Adjectives used singly take en in 
the plural, as : weinigen gelooven het, few persons believe 
it ; and er in the possessive case, as ^ ryker goederen, 
goods of rich people. 



43, 



Exercises on the Adjectives. 

A good man. — The good boy. — A handsome lady.— 

goed jongen fraaie joufvrouie 

The polite servants. — They are dark nights.— We find 

beleefd dienstbod Het donker nacht. vinden 

there respectable societies. — The apartments are proper. — 

deftig gezelschap verirek zuiver. 

They are all fruitless attempts. —This child is nameless. 

vruchteloos poging 
The two brothers are toothless. — Of a short death and a 

breeder tand kort dood 

long life. — Zachary has seen the Great Mogul. — In the 
lang leven Zacharias gezien Groot Mogol 
ancient history we find the astonishing and 

oud gedenkschrift vinden wy verbazend 

true description of the immense works of the ancient 
waar beschryving over groot 

Egyptians. — Nero and Domitian were cruel and 
Egyptenaar Nero waren wreed en 

covetous princes. — I have read all the great military 
hebzugtig ik heb gelezen krygs- 

actions in the Roman history. — Charles lives with a rich 
daad Roomsch Caret woond met 

man in an opulent city. — An unfair thing is always blamc- 
in onrecht zaak,/. altyd laak- 

able. — A good lock upon a bad door. — I have a little 
baar slot, n. op slegt deur, /. kkin. 

bird in a small cage. — Candid, generous and polite 
vogel } m. gering koeie Openhartig edelmoedig 



44 

answers are signs of a peaceful mind. — The low actions 
antwoord teken vreedzaam gemoed laag daad 
of Andrew are despicable. — Arnold is unhappy, he is 

Andries verachtelyk Arnoud ongelukkig 
disconsolate. — Paul is disloyal to good reason. — The 
ontroostelyk Paulus ontrouw reden. 

cities become populous. — To the king loyal. 

worden getrQuw* 



OF THE COMPARISON. 

By comparison is meant the alteration of the quality 
into more or less degrees of it. 

The comparisons are formed from adjectives and ad- 
verbs. 

The degree, into which the positive state of the adjec- 
tive or adverb is somewhat increased or decreased, is call- 
ed the comparative degree ; and if it be increased or de- 
creased to the utmost degree, it is called superlative degree. 
The former is made by adding er to its positive, if it end in 
a consonant, and by adding r only, if it end in a vowel, as: 
ziekfZieker, sick, sicker; mnoie, mooter, handsome, hand- 
somer. The latter is formed by adding st or ste to its po- 
sitive, as : zwaar, heavy, zwaarst or zwaarste, heaviest ; 
arm poor, armste, poorest. — N. B. The adverbs meer, 
more, or n, less, for the comparative, and meest, most, 
or minst, least, for the superlative, placed before the po- 
sitive, have the same effect, as : geleerd, meer geleerd, 
more learned; meest geleerd, most learned; minst geleerd, 
least learned. 

The adverb zeer has the same meaning as the adverb very 
in English, as : het is zeer wit, it is very white. 



45 



Many participles passive, used for adjectives, must be 
compared by the adverbs meer and rain, as: meer geblazen, 
more blown ; meest beschonken, most endowed ; but many 
of them in both ways, as: geleerder, geleerdste kind, 
more or most learned child ; de afgelegenste stad, the most 
remote town. 

Adjectives ending in / change it into r, to form the 
comparative, as: doof, dovtr, deaf, more deaf; stpf, styver, 
stiff, stiffer. 

The adjectives to which is added agtig, may be consi- 
dered in some degree as a comparison, by which the signi- 
fication is diminished below the positive, as: rood, rood- 
agtig, red, reddish; zwart, zwartagtig, black, blackish; 
having a little red, rood, and black, zwart. 

The more to heighten its superlative sense, we put before 
the superlative, alter, as : alter hoogste God, the highest 
God ; zy zyn de alter magtigsien, they are the most pow- 
erful. 

Adjectives of one syllable ending in a consonant, with 
one vowel before it, double that final consonant to make 
their comparative, as: snel, sneller, quick, quicker; vol, 
voller, full, fuller; smal, smaller, small, smaller; dun, 
dunner, thin, thinner; slap, slapper, slack, slacker; vet, 
vetter, fat, fatter. 

From these rules are excepted the following : 



Positive 
gocd, good, 
kwaad, bad, 
veel, much, 
weinig, little, 



Comparative 
beter, better, 
erger, worse, 
meer, more, 
minder, less, 



Superlative 
best, best. 
ergst, worst. 
meest, most. 
minst, least, 



After the comparative follows dan, than; as? % is 



46 

grooter dan zyn breeder, he is taller than his brother; hy 
is sterker dan Hercules, lie is stronger than Hercules; dil 
is beter dan dat, this is better than that. After the super- 
lative follows van, of, as : zy is de schoonste van all, she 
is the handsomest of all ; hy is de rykste van de kooplie- 
den, he is the richest of the merchants. 

The English have a mode of expressing degrees of com- 
parison by repeating twice the, which is done in Dutch al- 
most in the same manner, by repeating the particle hoe, as: 
hoe meer hoe beter, the more the better; hoe ouder hoe 
wyzer, the older the wiser. 

Some make use of als, as, instead of dan, but impro- 
perly ; for, als is used only when we mean to affirm that 
two things are alike, as: de gofom warm w hoog ah her' 
gen } the waves were as high as mountains. 

Comparatives and superlatives are declined as adjectives, 
as: ik ken eenen rykeren man, eene rykere vrouw, en een 
ryker kind, I know a richer man, lady, and child. 



Exercises upon the Degrees of Comparison* 

Gito is more polite than William.— This house is higher 

beleefd Willem huis hoog 

than that.— He is more humble than his sister. — He is one 

ootmoedig zyne een 

of the most honest in the town.— Mrs. B. is more 

eerlyk stad jpffrouw B. 

learned than Mrs. D.— This rabbit is more devoured than 

dit konyn, verslonden 

the others. — Ann is handsomer but prouder than her 
andere Anna koovaardig hear 



47. 

niece. — They are less polite than their neighbours,— 
nigte beleefd hunne buurman 

The richer they are, the more covetous they are.— Virtue 

zy gierig 

is the most precious treasure in the world.—There is the 

kostlyk schat daar 

best, mildest and most honest man whom I know.~=>Thi§ 
zagtmoedig die ken Dit 

is the worst of all.— That leg appears reddish.— Socrates 

Dat been scheint 
and Plato were the most eminent philosophers of 

waren voortreffelyk 

Greece.— — -He is greater than his brother.— She is the 
Griekenland groot zyn Zy 

greatest of all her sisters,— Peter was the most sedate 
all haare was bedaard 

of his sons. — He is a very honest man.— This house is the 

zyne eerlyk dit 

highest of all the rest. — -The longer we live, the more we 
hoog anderen long leven 

learn. — Socrates was much wiser than Alcibiades.-— Epami- 
leren veel 

nondas was by far the most accomplished of all the The- 
zeer vaar voltooyd The<= 

bans.— She is deaf, and he is more deaf, but Charles is 
ban hy maar Caret 

the most deaf of them all.— -Deity is infinitely greater 

Godheid ondndlkh 
than the greatest of his creatures. 
haare schepzeh 



48 



OF NOUNS OF NUMBER. 

There are two kinds of numbers, viz. the cardinal and 
ordinal ; the cardinal simply relate the number of things 
spoken of, as: een, one; twee, two; drie, three; the or- 
dinal, besides the simple notation, signify the order or rank 
of things, as: eerste, tweede, vierde, zesde, first, second, 
fourth, sixth. 

The cardinal numbers are indeclinable, except een, one ; 
as we have seen, speaking of the articles. We say also : 
met konderden, met duizenden, met millioenen, with hun- 
dreds, with thousands, with millions ; zy waren onder hun 
vieren, they were four. 

EXAMPLE OF CARDINAL NUMBERS. 

een, one twiniig, twenty 

twee, two een en twintig, twenty-one 

drie, three twee en twintig, twenty-two 

vier, four drie en twintig, twenty-three 

vyf, five dertig, thirty 

zes, six veer tig, forty 

zeven, seven vyf tig, fifty 

agt, eight ztstig, sixty 

negen, nine zevenlig, seventy 

tien, ten taggentig, eighty 

elf, eleven negentig, ninety 

iwaalf, twelve hondred, a or one hundred 

dertien, thirteen twee honderd, two hundred 

veertien, fourteen drie honderd, three hundred 

vyftien, fifteen duizend, a or one thousand 

zestien, sixteen twee duizend, two thousand 

zeventien, seventeen een millioen, a or one million 

&gtien, eighteen twee millioenen, two million. 

negentien } nineteen 



49 

You will observe in this example, 1st, that the English 
particle a and one is not expressed in Dutch before Aon- 
derd and duizend, as: hy keeft hondcrd pond verloren, 
he hast lost a hundred pounds ; zy hebben duizend guineen 
gewonnen, they have gained a thousand guineas. 

2dly. That in telling, the Dutch set the smallest number 
the first, as: een en twintig, twenty one; twee en twivdi^, 
twenty two. 



EXAMPLES OF ORDINAL NUMBE&S. 



eerste, first 
tweede, second 
derde, third 
vierde, fourth 
vyfde, fifth 
zesde, sixth 
zevende, seventh 
agtste, eighth 
negende, ninth 
tiende, tenth 
clfde, eleventh 
iwaaljde, twelfth 
der tiende, thirteenth 
viertiende, fourteenth 



twintigste, twentieth 
een en tivlntigste, twenty-first 
twee en twintigste, twenty-second 
drie en twintigste, twenty third 
dertigste, thirtieth 
veertigste, fortieth 
vyftigste, fiftieth 
zestigste, sixtieth 
zeventigste, seventieth 
taggentigste, eightieth 
negentigsle, ninetieth 
honderdste, hundredth 
duiztndste, thousandth 
millioenste 4 , milli onth . 



Ordinal numbers are used, as in English, in speaking 
of days of the months, and of sovereigns, in quoting chap- 
ters, articles, or pages of a book; and must agree with the 
substantives to which they belong, as: den eersien January, 
the first of Jauuary ; den tweeden April, the second of 
April ; Alexander de derde, keizer van Rusland, Alexan- 

F 



50 



der the third, emperor of Russia; het vierde capittel, het 
vyfda vers, the fourth chapter, the fifth verse. 



Exercises on the foregoing Numbers. 

Paul has bought 4 three 1 acres 8 of land. 8 — Thsee times 

gekogt gemeten maal 

thirty make ninety. — In the sale of Mr. B. are sold 

maakt verkoping verkogt 

eight horses, ten beds, a hundred and forty pictures, a 

paard schildery 

thousand fruit-trees, and hundreds of bottles.— Edward 

vrugt-boom fles 

the third took Calais on the third of August, one thousand 

nam 
three hundred and forty-seven.— Lewis the XlVth. hom- 
Lodewyk bom- 

barded Genoa (in) one thousand six hundred and 
her deer de Genua {in'tjaar) 

eighty-four, the Austrians took possession of the same 

Oostenryker namen bezit het zelfde 

in one thousand seven hundred and forty-six.— Five and 

duizend 
seven make twelve. —Thirteen and fourteen make twenty 

nuiakm 
seven.— Three times fifteen make forty-five.— The spring 

lente 3 f. 
begins on the twenty-first, or twenty-second of March. 
beg in d op den of Maart 

Henry the fifth, king of England, the son of Henry 
Hmdrick koning zoon 



51 

the fourth, and father of Henry the sixth, married Catha- 

trouivde Cata- 
rine, the daughter of Charles the sixth, king of France, 
rina dogter Vrankri/k 

and conquered the greatest part of that kingdom.™ They 

veroverde deei, n. dat zy 

spend but the sixth part of their fortune —Queen Aon 
verteren maar hun goed 

died the first of August, one thousand seven hundred and 
stierf 

fourteen, in the fiftieth year of her age, and thir- 

jaar haars cuderdoms 

teenth of her reign. -Gibraltar was taken in one thou- 

regering ingenomen 

sand seven hundred aud four, by Admiral Rooke.— The 

door 
croisades began about the year osie thousand and 
kruistogt begonnen omtrent 

sixty. — George the third was twenty-two years old, at his 
was cud hy 

accession to the crown.— Charles the fifth left his 
aankomst tot kroon,/. Ca?el liet 

empire to Philip the third. We read in the fifteenth 
keizerryk hzen 

page, chapter nineteenth, &c. — He came the tenth of 
blad, n. hoofdstuck kwam 

December, and returned the twenty-seventh of the 

December keerde weder 

same month. 
zelve tnaand 



52 

SECTION IV. 

OF PRONOUNS. 

A pronoun is a word used for a noun or instead of it, 
to avoid the too frequent repetition of the same word, as: 
I saw John and spoke to him, ik zag Jan en sprak aan 
hem; in this instance hem, him, is put for the noun Jv/ui. 

They have their genders, numbers, aud cases. 

The pronouns cau be divided into five kinds, viz per- 
sonal, possessive, relative, demonstrative, and indefinite. 

OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

Personal pronouns are those which directly denote the 
persons, and supply the place of them, as : ik, gy, hy, I, 
tkou, he. 

There are five personal pronouns; viz. ik, I ; gy, thou; 
hy, he; ay, she; het, tt\ with their purals, wy, we; gy~ 
lie den, you ; %y, they. 

The gender is only applicable to the third person singu- 
lar of the pronouns hy, he; zy, she; het, it; hy is mas- 
culine ; zy is feminine ; het is neuter. 

Personal pronouns have three cases; the nominative, the 
possessive, and the objective. 

The personal pronouns are thus declined : 



Singular. 


Plural. 


Norn, iky I 


wy, we- 


Pos. myner, mine 


onzer, ours 


Obj. my, me 


ons, us 


Norn, gy, thou 


gy lit- den, you 


Pos, uwer, thine 


ulieder, yours 


Obj. «, thee 


ulhdai, you 



53 

Nora, hy, he zy, they 

Pos. zyner, his hunner, theirs 

Obj, hem, him to*, them 

Norn, zy, She sy, they 

Pos. harer, hers harer, theirs 

Obj. /iflar, her. Atfar, them. 

As ; hy is een goed man, he is a good man ; zy is deugd- 
zaam, she is virtuous; waar is het kind 1 , where is the 
child? htt speelt, it plays; ontferm u zyner, have pity on 
him ; gedenk myner, remember me ; wees hunner en onzer 
genadig, have mercy upon them and us. 

There are two other personal pronouns, viz. zich him- 
self, and men, one, they, the people ; the first (zich) is 
called reciprocal, and is used only for the third person, 
both singular and plural, when the action reflects upon 
the actor, as ; hy kastyd zich zelven, he chastizes himself; 
sy geven zich den titel, they give the title to themselves.— 
Men is only considered as a nominative of the third per- 
son singular though the meaning be plural, as : men zingt, 
they sing; men wandeld they walk. 

The pronoun het, it, although neuter, is sometimes ap- 
plied to persons, as : ik was het die schreef, it was I who 
wrote ; wat is het vor een man ? what for a man is he ? 
Het, it, is likewise used for the subject (i. e. nominative.) 
of impersonal verbs, as : het regend, it rains ; het hageld, 
it hails ; het donderd, it thunders. 



OF THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

Possessive pronouns are so called because they denote 
possession or property ; they must agree in gender with the 



54 

person of which is spoken, as in English ; but in number 
and case with the substantive to which they are joined, as: 
ky bsmind haaren breeder, he loves her brother; zy bemind 
hunnen broeder, she loves their brother. 

There are seven possessive pronouns, viz. myn, my ; uw, 
thy; zyn, his; haar, her; ons, our; uliede, your; hun, 
their. — They have three cases, and are declined after this 
manner. 

Singular. 





Mas. 




Fern. 




Neut. 


Nom. 


myn, 




myne, 




myn, my 


Pos. 


myns, 




myner, 




myns, of my 


Obj. 


?nynen. 


Nom. 


myne, 

Plural. 
myne, my. 




myn, my 






Pos. 


myner, of 


my. 





Obj. myne, my. 

These pronouns, when used without substantives, are 
called absolute (pronouns,) and are declined with the de- 
finite article in all cases, so we say : deze tuin is de myne, 
de uwe, de zyne, de haare, de onze, de hunne, this garden 
is mine, thine, his, hers, ours, theirs. — Deze bloem is de 
myne, de uwe, de zyne, de haare, de hunne, this flower 
is mine, thine, his, hers, theirs.-— £)«£ book is het myne, 
het uwe, het haare, fyc. this book is mine, yours, hers, &c. 
Deze tuinen zyn de myne, de uive, de hunne, de onze, §c. 
these gardens are mine, yours, theirs, ours, &c. 



OF THE PRONOUNS RELATIVE. 



Relative pronouns are such as relate to some words or 
phrases going before, which is thence called the antecedent ; 
they are: we /&, wie, die, who; wat, what; as: de mensch 
is gelukkig, die deugdzaam leefd, the man is happy, who 
lives virtuously. 

Wie, who, is applied to persons only, as : zie wie daar 
is, see who is there. 

Wat, what, is applied to animals and inanimate things^ 
as: dit is wat ik verlang, this is what I desire. — Wat, 
what, is sometimes applied to persons, as: ik weet wat man 
hy is, I know what man he is; but then we regard more 
that in which he excels than himself, as for instance, good 
or bad, weak or strong. 

They are declined as follows. 

Singular. 

Fein. Neut. 

welke, who welk, which 

welke?', whose welkes, of which 

welke, whom ivelk, which 



Mas. 
Nom. welke, who 
Pos. welkes, whose 
Obj. welken, whom 



Nom. welke, who 
Pos. welkev, whose 
Obj. welke, whom 

Nom. wie, who 
Pos. wiens, whose 
Obj. wi'en, whom 



Plural. 
welke, who 
welktr, whose 
ivelke, whom 

Singular. 
wie, who 
wi'er, whose 
wit, whom 



welke, which 
welker, of which 
welke, which 

wat, what 
wat, what 



56 

Nom. die, who die, who dat, that 

Pos. atens, whose dier, whose 

Obj. dim, whom die, whom efef, that 

Plural 
Nom. die, who <fte, who die> which 

Pos. rfieV, whose dier, whose 
Obj. €?i>, whom die, whom cfa, which. 

The relative pronouns must agree with the substantive or 
antecedent to which they have a reference in gender and 
number, as ; daar is liet boek welk gy leesde, there is the 
book which you read; welk agrees with boek in gender 
and number, but not in case, it being the objective case of 
the verb lezen, to read. 

Relative pronouns, when they are used in asking questions, 
are called interrogatives, as : wiens boek is dit ? whose 
book is this ? wie.n zoekt gy ? whom do you seek ? welke 
zyn uwe regels ? which are your rules ? wat man is dat, 
what man is that ? 

The adverb relative 'er, an abridgment oidaer, there, for 
which now is written daar, denotes likewise objects men- 
tioned before, as : hy heefVer van gesproken, he has spo- 
ken of it, of them, &c. ; wy komen \r (daar) dagelyks, 
we go there every day. 

The relatives pronouns welken, whom, welk, which, 
&c. are often elegantly omitted by ellipsis in English, but 
they must always be expressed in Dutch, as: I have read 
the book you lent me, ik heb het boek gelezen hetwelke gy 
my geleend hebt ; the way I go, de weg welken ik gaan ; 
the lady I see, de juffer welke ik tie. 



57 



OF THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Demonstrative pronouns are so called because they 
point out in a precise manner, the person or thing to whitk 
they relate : dit, this, and dat, that; dese, these, and dus~ 
danige, such or those, are of this class, as : dit is de 
waare liejde, dat is maar haar afbetldzel, this is true 
charity, that is only its image. 
They are declined : 

Singular. 

Fern. 

deze, 

dezer, 

deze, 





Mas. 


Nom. 


deze, 


Pos. 


dezes, 


Obj. 


dezen, 


Nom. 


deze, 


Pos, 


dezer, 


Obj. 


deze, 



Neut. 




dit, 


this. 


dezes, 


of this. 


dit, 


this. 


deze, 


these. 


dezer, 


of these. 


deze, 


these. 



Plural. 
deze, 
dezer, 
deze, 

Speaking of the nearest person or thing, we use (lit, this; 
and speaking of the most distant, we use dat, that; as: 
dit yaard is mooier dan dat, this horse is prettier than 
that. 

£\ T . 3. The pronouns dit and dat, in the singular number, 
are frequently used for deze, plural, before substantives of 
the plural number, as : dit zyn mve laarzen, these are 
your boots. 

Singular. 

Fern. Neut. 

die, dat, that 

dier, diens, of that 

die, dat, Hint 





Mas. 


Noai. 


die, 


Pos. 


diens, 


Obj. 


dien, 



58 







Plural. 




Norn. 


dkj 


die, 


die, those. 


Pos. 


di'e'r, 


dier. 


dier, of those 


Obj. 


die, 


die. 


die, those 



OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

Indefinite pronouns are those which express their sub- 
jects in an indefinite or general manuer; the following are 
of this kind. 



niemand, nobody. 
ivie het zy, whosoever. 
zommige, some. 
elk-iegelyk, each. 
alle, ail. 
weinige, few. 
sekere, certain, 
zulke, such. 



ander, other. 
beide, both. 

d'een of d' under % either. 
eenige, any. 
geene, none. 
geen van beide, neither. 
eigen, own. 
jemand, somebody. 
veel, many. 

The following phrases may serve to exemplify the indefi- 
nite pronouns, Eenige van ulieden zyn wys en goed, 
some of you are wise and good; eenige van hun zaten ledig, 
some of them were idle : de ande.re waren yverig, the 
others were industrious ; gem van beide is daar, neither is 
there; zy waren alle tegenwovrdig, they were all present; 
zulk isde staet van den mensch, such is the state of man ; 
sommigen zyn gelukkig, terwyl anderen ellendig zyn, 
some are happy, white others are miserable. 



30 

Exercises on the Pronouns. 
Whose pen-knife is it? it is mine, it is hew, it h 
penne-me$ s n. 
yours, it is theirs.— This needle is his, and to-morrow it* will* 
naald t f. morgm %al 

be mine-Carry this letter to her and bring me an an- 
zyn draag brief, m. hreng a nU 

swer.— O Lord, have pity on us, and on them.— They 
woord Heers ontferm 
have sung to your honour.— It pleases them.— His 

gezongen f uwtr eere. behaagt 

garden is close by his neighbour's work-house.— It is her 

digt buurmans werk-huis 

mother's cloak.— Her brother and his sister walked yes- 
J a P on > wandelden gis- 

terday with us.— They will come 8 to 1 you.*— He lives with 
teren zullen komen na tooond 

his parents in their country house.— She thinks upon his 

ouders buiten-plaats. denkt aan 

treasures.— He sits on the right hand of his father.— His 
schat. zit rechte hand 

rooms are adorned with many beauties. — Do you think of 
homer verzierd schoonheid gedenkt gy 

me ?— They have offered 5 their 1 services 2 to 3 the king/ You 

opgtdragen dienst 

impair your health. — The sea has her flux and re~ 
verergerd gezondheid zee,/. vloed,m. 

flux,— This house has its height. — My cousin justified 
heejt hoogte, neef verdedigd 

himself.— They liave hurt* themselves. 1 _i f ea r he wilt* 
gekwetst vrees m i 



CO 

seduce 3 him. 1 — They say he will 1 defend 3 himself.' — It was 
vtrleiden zegt verdedigen warm 

we who walked yesterday in our neighbour's grove.— 

wandelden dreef. 

Shall I carry 3 any 'thither r s -That is the man of whom I 

derwaards man 

complain.— That estate, which you have 2 inherited, 1 enrich- 
klaag goed, n. hebt gesrft verrykt 

ed you greatly.— That dog which followed 2 you x is mine. 

grootlyks hond, volgde 

I know whose relation she is. —The condition in which 

maagschap staat, m, 

he found 1 himi was deplorable. —Mr. Smith's lady for 
vend jammerlyk vrouw voor 

whom you wrote, is departed.— That glass you gave is 

schreeft vertrokken glas, gaft 

broken.— The melon which I offer 2 you, 1 comes from my 
gebroken meloen,f. aanbie komt 

nursery.— There are more, I have sown 4 several 1 of 2 them. 3 
kwekery daar meer heh gezaaid van 

That lady you saw was my brother's wife. — The hat 
juffer zaagi hoed, m. 

you see cost but one guinea. — What is to be done in this 

ziet kosi maar guinee is y er (e doen 

case?— Has the host brought* the 1 wine 2 which I com- 
geval, n. waard gebragt wyn 

manded s him.i— The Athenians understood what was* good,* 
gcbood verstonden 

but the Lacedemonians practised it. — To whom of them 

hacedemonier oejfenden 
will you sends these 1 fruits ? 2 — These fcafigpMcs are better than 
zendtn vrugt knars dan 



01 

those. — Give me this, and take that. I have seen* 

Geef neem heb gezien 

him, 4 who must come 3 to 1 you. 2 — These are the gods 

moet komen god 

who saved 3 you aJ — Many are wounded, some in their 

gekwetsi 
legs, others in their arms, some in the back; but none 
been arm rug, 

of them have perished. — Nobody would believe 2 it. s — — 

zyn wilds gelosven 

Neither of them is happy, nay they are both miserable, 
gelukkig neen eZle?idig. 



SECTION V. 

OF VERBS. 

The verb, being the chief part of speech, is a word 

signifying zijn to be, doen, to do, or Zyden, to suffer, as: 

ik ben, I am ; ik wandel, I walk ; ik ben bestuurd, I am 

ruled. 

Verbs are of three kinds : active, passive, and neuter. 
They are also divided into personal, impersonal^ reflected^ 
regular, irregular, and auxiliary. 

A verb is called active when it expresses an action and 
implies an agent and an object acted upon ; as, achien to 
esteem, iA achte de naarstigen, I esteem the diligent, 

A verb is called passive when it denotes an impression 
that persons or things receive when acted upon, as : ik word 
gelterd, I am taught ; het is geschiZderd, it is painted ; 
zy zyn overwonnen, they are conquered, 

A verb is called neuter when it is neither active nor 

G 



62 

passive, but only expresses the state of the subject, as : 
ik slaap, I sleep ; because I cannot say, ik slaap een 
zaak, I sleep a thing, nor : ik ben geslaapen, I am slept. 

A verb active is called transitive, because the action 
passes over to the object, as : de meester kasteid de lute 
schoiieren, the master punishes the lazy scholars. 

In passive verbs the action is received or suffered by 
the subject, as : het schildery is geschilderd door Rubens, 
the picture is painted by Rubens. Schildery, picture, is 
the object, and Rubens the agent. 

la neuter verbs the action is intransitive, that is, 
the action remains in the agent and does not pass over 
to any object, as : ik wandel, I v/alk ; hy leeft, he lives. 

Personal verbs are those which are conjugated with 
three persons in the singular and plural ; as : lezen, to 
read, ik lees, gy leest, hy leest, I read, thou readest 
he reads, &c. 

Impersonal verbs admit but the third person of the 
singular number: as: het regent, it rains; fat vriesf, it 
freezes ; het zal zneeuwen, it will snow. 

A verb is called reflected, or reflective, when the ac- 
tion of the agent reflects again upon the agent, as : gy 
pryst uzefoen, thou prisest thyself; hy kweist zich, he 
wounds himself: zy vermaacnfen zich^ they diverted 
themselves. 

Verbs, active and neuter, are called regular, when they 
follow the general rule in conjugating; that is, when 
they form their imperfect tense of the indicative mood, 
and their participle perfect, from the present infinitive, 
for the former by changiug the termination cm into die or 
te ; as, ik wanddde, I walked : ik doopte, I baptized ; for 
the latter, by changing the same termination en into d, 



63 

or t, and prefixing to the verb the syllable ge, as : geocv- 
deeld, judged ; except those which begin with be, ge, her, 
out, ver, and wan, to which the syllable ge is not to be 
prefixed, as: hy hteft bepaald, he has limited; zy hebben 
het herbouwd, they have rebuilded it; het it ontvouwd, 
it is unfolded ; hy heeft vertrouwd en wantrouwd, he 
has trusted and mistrusted. All the other verbs, which 
do not follow this general rule, are called inrgnlar. 

Auxiliary or helping verbs are those by the help 
of which the Dutch verbs are principally conjugated. 

A verb is simple which cannot be divided without 
losing its meaning : as, bouwen, to build. 

A verb is called compound when a preposition is 
joined to it; as, voor-zien foresee; onder-gaan, to un- 
dergo; inkomen, to come in. 

N. B. The prepositions do not carry any alteration 
to the conjugation of the verbs; but their being put 
either after or before the verb, must be taken care of: 
observe therefore, in the present and imperfect indica- 
tive, and in the second persons in the imperative, the pre- 
position is to be put after the verb, and in all the other 
tenses and persons before the verbj, as : hy raad het 
hem aan, he advises him to it; hy schraapte het af, he 
did scrape it off; zend het af, send it off; zit neder, sit 
down; kom in, come in; bring op, bring up. — N. B. 
When the syllable ge is to be added before the preter- 
ite-participle, or te before the infinitive, they are to be put 
between the preposition and the verb, as : de redens zyn 
well uit-ge-druckt, the rea&ons are well expressed; 
metnt gy my na-te-volgen ? do you mean to follow me ? 

To verbs belong numbers, persons, meods, and tenses. 



G4 



OF NUMBERS AND PERSONS. 

Verbs Lave two numbers, the singular and the 
plural, according to their nominative, as: ik loop, I run; 
wy loopen, we run. 

In each number there are three persons, as \ 

Singular. 

First person, ik btmin, I love, 

Second person, gy bemind, thou lovest, 

Third person, , hy bemind, he loves. 

Plural. 

First person, wy beminnen, we love, 

Second person, gyh btmind, you love, 

Third person, %y beminnen t > they love* 

The verb mmi agree with Iti nomiQitive 9 i'a with 
iu agent or subject, la auniher and persoa; therefore 
when the verb has two or more nouns or pronouns 
for its nominative. It mmt be put in the plural, and 
m the person to which it corresponds, as : myn broeder 
eto wiyne mister zyn vertrokken, my brother and sister 
are departed. 

The nominative is known by the answer to the 
question who, with the verb, for persons, and which 
for things ; for instance : Mr, D. and E. go to the 
Royal Exchange, making the question, who go ? The 
answer is they, which is the third person plural, and 
of course the verb must be put in the third person 
plural. 



65 



OF MOODS. 



Mood, as it is taken here, is a grammatical term*, 
which means the manner of affirming or denoting, in the 
verbs, by different inflexions. 

There are four moods of verbs, the indicative, the 
imperative, the subjunctive, and the infinitive. 

The indicative mood simply indicates or declares 
any thing in the different tenses of the verb, as : hy 
spreekt, he speaks ; zy cyfftren. they cipher ; wy hebhen 
toegejuigd, we have applauded ; hy zal verliezen> he will 
lose. 

The imperative mood, whose name is derived from 
a latin word which signifies to command, is used for 
commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting, and 
sometimes forbidding, as : verackt de ondeugd, despise 
vice; volg goeden raad, follow good advice; laat ons 
vreedzaam leven, let us live peaceably. 

The subjunctive mood is used in speaking under a motive, 
wish,, or uncertainty, and must be preceded by another 
sentence, as : ilc werk dat hy moge geluchig zyn > I work 
that he may be happy ; ilc vrees dat het ivaar zy, I fear it 
be true. 

The infinitive mood is so called, because it expresses 
the action or signification of the verb in an indefinite 
and unlimited manner, without any distinction of num- 
ber and person, as: kleden, to dress; zingen, to sing; 
roepen* to call. 

All verbs in the present infinitive end in en, or an, 
as: beminnen, to love; aankomen, to arrive; gaan, to 
go ; slaan, to beat. 

The participle is a certain form of the verb, and 
derives its name from its participating, not only of the 



66 

properties of a verb, bat also of those of an adjective, 
as : bewonderd en toegejuigd zynde, wierd hy trots, ad- 
paired and applauded, he became vain ; zyn werk geein- 
digd hebbende, vertoonde hy het, having finished his 
work, he submitted it. 

There are three participles, the present or active, 
the perfect or passive, and the compound perfect, as: 
beminnende, loving ; bemind, loved ; and hebbende be- 
mind, having loved. 

When the participle expresses the idea of time, it 
is a verb, as : hy is schryvende, he is writing : but when 
It denotes a quality, it is a participle adjective, as: de 
mhryvende meester, the writing master: de wenende 
wouw, the crying woman. 



OF TENSES. 

Tense, being the distinction of time, might seem to 
admit only of the present, past, and future ; but to mark 
It more accurately, it is made to consist of six variations, 
viz: the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, 
and the first and second future tenses. 

The present tense expresses the action or event exist- 
ing or happening at the very time that we are speaking, 
as : wy spelen, we play ; gy zyt schryvende, you are 
writing ; hy vreesd, he fears. 

The imperfect expresses an action, present at that 
time of an action which is passed, as : ik wandelde toen 
Paulus by my kwam, I walked when Paul came to me ; 
ik beminde haar voor hare zedigheid en deugd, I loved 
her for her modesty and virtue. 



G7 

The perfect not only refers to what is passed, but 
also conveys an allusion to the present time, as : zy hebhen 
gdopen, they have run ; ik heb den hovtnier gezien, 
welke my aangeprezen was, 1 have seen the gardener, 
who was recommended to me. 

The pluperfect denotes an action or suffering, not 
only perfectly past, but that the action or event was 
finished before another happened, which is passed too ; 
as : wy had den gedronken, wanneer zy by ons kwamen, 
we had drunk, when they caaie to us. 

The first future marks a time which is not yet 
come, but shall or will be ; as : de zon zal morgen opstaan, 
the sun will rise to-morrow; ik zal hun, or hen weder 
zien, I shall see them again. 

The second future intimates that an action shall 
be fully accomplished at or before another action or 
event happens; as: ik zal myn werk geeindigd hebben 
voor zyne rugkomst, I shall have finished my work before 
his return ; ik zal wedergekeerd zyn voor zyn aankomst, 
I shall be returned before his arrival ; hct zal geschreven 
zyn eer een uur, it shall be written before one o'clock, 



A regular active Verb, with the Auxiliaries, 
is conjugated (i. e. changed) in the following 
manner. 

HOOREN, TO HEAR. 
indicative mood. — Present Tense. 
Singular. 
ik hoor, I hear. 
gy hoort, thou nearest. 
hy, %y, or het hoort, he, she, it hears. 



(38 

Plural. 
wy hooren, we hear. 
gyb hoort, you hear. 
zy hooren they hear. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Singular. 
ik hoorde, I heard. 
gy hoordet, thou heardest. 
hy hoorde, he heard. 

Plural. 
wy ho or den, we heard. 
gyl: hoordet, you heard. 
zy hoorden, they heard. 

Perfect Tense. 
Singular. 
ik heb gehoord, we have heard, 
gy hebt gehoord, thou hast heard. 
hy heeft gehoord, he has heard. 

Plural. 
wy hebben gehoord, we have heard. 
gyb hebt gehoord, you have heard. 
zy hebben gehoord, they have heard. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Singular. 
ik had gehoord, I had heard, 
gy hadt gehoord, thou hadst heard. 
hy had gehoord, he had heard. 

Plural. 
wy hadden gehoord, we had heard. 
gyl: hadt gehoord, you had heard. 
zy hadden gehoord 3 they hadheard. 



69 

First future Tense, 
Singular. 
ik zal hooren, I shall hear. 
gy zult hooren, thou shall hear, 
hy zal hooren, he shall hear. 

Plural. 
wy zulten hooren, we shall hear. 
gyl: zult hoor en, you shall hear, 
%y zullen hooren, they shall hear. 
Second future Tense, 
Singular. 
ik zal gehoord hebben, I shall have heard, 
gy zult gehoord hebben, thou shalt have heard, 
hy zal gehoord hebben, he shall have heard. 

Plural. 
toy tut ten gehoord hebben, we shall have heard, 
gyh milt gehoord hMm 9 you shall have heard, 
uy mlhn gehoord k$hh§n h they shall bav§ heard. 
Conditional, 
Singular, 
ik %m hooren, I should hear. 
gy zoud hooren, thou shouldest hear, 
hy zou hooren, he should hear. 

Plural. 
wy zouden hooren, we should hear. 
gyl: zoud hooren, you should hear, 
%y zouden hooren, they should hear, 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. 
laat my hooren, let me hear. 
hoor, hear. 

laat hem hooren, let him hear. 



to 

Plural. 
laat ons hooren, let us hear. 
hoort gylieden, hear you. 
laat hun hooren, let them hear. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense. 
Singular. 
dat ik hoore, that I hear. 
dai gy hooret, that thou hear. 
dat hy hoore, that he hear. 

Plural. 
dat wy hooren, that we hear. 
dat gyl: hooret, that you hear. 
dat zy hooren, that they hear. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Singular. 
dat ik hoorde, that I heard. 
dat gy hoordet, that thou heard. 
dat hy hoorde, that he heard. 

Plural. 
dat wy hoorden, that we heard. 
dat gyl: hoordet, that you heard. 
dat zy hoorden, that they heard. 

Perfect Tense. 
Singular. 
dat ik gehoord hebbe, that 1 have heard, 
dat gy gehoord hebbet, that thou have heard. 
dat hy gehoord hebbe, that he have heard. 



HI 

Plural. 
dat wy gehoord helben, that we have heard. 
dat gyl: gehoord hebbet, that you have heard, 
da,t zy gehoord hebben, that they have heard. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Singular. 
dat ik gehoord hadde, that I had heard. 
dat gy gehoord haddet, that thou had heard, 
dat hy gehoord hadde, that he had heard. 

Plural 
dat wy gehoord hadden, that we had heard. 
dat gyl: gehoord haddet, that you had heard, 
dat zy gehoord hodden, that they had heard, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. hooren, to hear. 

Perfect. gehoord hebben, to have heard, 

PARTICIPLES, 

Present. hoorende t hearing, 

Perfect. gehoord, heard, 

Coinp. hebbende gehoord, having heard, 

Thus neuter verbs which take hebben, to have 5 for 
their auxiliary, are conjugated, 



Verbs for practice to he conjugated (ad- 
visedly in writing) upon Hooren 3 to Hear, 

leezen, to learn. vreezen, to fear. 

speelen, to play. wederkeeren, to return. 



72 

begeeren, to desire. leenen, to borrow. 

herleven, to revive. ledigen y to empty, 

medewerken, to co-operate, zorgen, to care, 

blootslellen, to expose. duikelen s to plunge. 

sfcA vermaaken, to divert one's self. 
,jmcA inbeelden, to imagine, 

N.B. The Dutch use often the present infinitive, 
where the English use the present participle, as: eeten 
en drinken is zyn grootste vermaalc, eating and drink- 
ing is his greatest delight; nit vrees van te vallen, for 
fear of falling. 

An active or neuter verb may be conjugated by adding 
its present participle to the auxiliary verb zyn, to be, 
through all the moods, tenses s numbers, and persons; 
thus, instead of . 

ik hoor 9 ~\ Cik ben hoorende, 

gy hoort, I J \gy W* hoorende, 

hy hoort, \ B j hy is hoorende, 

wy hooren 9 [ ^ \ W V z ^ n hoorende, 

gyh hoort 9 1 * '': *3 j gylz zyt hoorende, 

%y kooren^ J \jsy zyn hoorende. 

This mode of conjugating attributes to the harmony 
and precision of the language, adapted to peculiar acts s 
not to general habits or affections of the mind. 

Tenses are called simple tenses which are formed with= 
out an auxiliary verb j as, ik hemin, I love; ik beminde, I 
loved.— Those tenses are called compound, to which an 
auxiliary verb is added ; as, hy heeft gehoord, he has heard j 
%y mitten wederkeeren, they will return, 



73 

Active verbs govern the objective case ; as : ik ken hem, 
I know him ; hykend my, he knows me ; wy ondersteuntn 
hun, we support them ; zy ondersteunen ens, they support 
us. 

In compound tenses the objective case is placed before 
the governing verb, (contrary to the English,) who place 
it after, as: ik heb hem gezien, I have seen him; wy heh- 
len hun geroepen, we have called them. 

If a relative pronoun be the object of a verb, it must be 
placed in the beginning of that period ; as : zyn vader, 
wien ik ken, is een zeer eerlyk man, his father, whom I 
know, is a very honest man ; and likewise if the latter sentence 
have a reference to the former, as ; ik weet wis den brief 
»chreef, I know who wrote the letter. 

When two verbs follow an auxiliary (verb,) both are used 
in the present infinitive ; as : zy heeft leeren spreken, she 
has learned to speak; wy hebben haar hooren zingen, we 
have heard her sing; zy zullen blyvon dansen, they will 
remain dancing. 

In an interrogation, in simple tenses, the person is placed 
after the verb; as: schryven icy 1 , do* we write? herde 
de leerling wel ? did the learner leam well ? but in com- 
pound tenses after the auxiliary, as; zullen wy den koning 
zien ? shall we see the king? 

Exercises on the regular Verbs, 
Indicative Mood, Present Tense. 
I serve. — Thou dealesi. — He cyphers. — We command.— 
dienen deelen rekenen gebkden 

You trade. TUey complain. — Benjamin honors his 

handelen. k la gen eeren 

* The English auxiliaries efoand did are not made use of in Dutch. 
II 



74 

parents. — You deplore her errors.— Do you know Mr. 
aiders beklagen misdag kennen 

Xj. ? he is my best friend. He who wishes to live 

mend, wenschen leven 

contentedly, must conquer his passions. — The Mahome- 
in vrede motten overwmnen driften Mahome- 

tans do not allow the wine. -There are people who write 
Xaan niet toelaten wi/n. lieden 

better than they speak.— The figures, that we make use of, 

spreken. cyfftrs gebruiken 

and which the Arabians brought to Europe, came to us 

brengen, ir. komen 

from the Indians. — Wisdom requires, that in every thing 

Indiaan. vereischendat zaak 

that we do, we act with reflection. — The Abyssinians 

doen handelen nadenking. 
were great lovers of learned men. — When justice slumbers, 
minnaar recht sluymeren 

tyranny awakes.— They pretend to be ill. — He wishes 
dwingelandy waken. voorgeven ziek. wenschen 

to meet her. 

ontmoeten 

Imperfect. 

He neglected his affairs. — We loved him for 

veronachtzamen beminnen 

his modesty and virtue. — They had precious jewels 

zeedbaarheid kostbaar juweel 

and sincere friends. We executed your commands. — « 

oprecht uitvaren,ir: beveel 

He approached the shores of South America. He 

naaderen kust zitid 



7b 

Encouraged hjs soldiers. — We finished at night. The 

aanmoedigen soldaat eindigen 

balloon descended in a meadow.— We dealt always with 

balloen nederdalen weide altyd 

honest people. You counted according to the price 1 

eerlyk rekenen pry 3 

current. 1 -- They ventured all for their country. The 

lopende wagen voor vaderland 

servant blowed on the fire. Epaminondas refused 

meid aanblazen vuur wygeren 

Darius' presents. — Hardly was Csesar in the senate, when 

gcschenk. nauwlyks 
the conspirators threw 3 themselves upon 1 him, 4 and 
zamenzweerder werpen, ir. op 

stabbed 2 him. 1 Virgil gathered his best flowers hi 

doorsteken, ir. vergadercn blocm 

Homer. 

Horaerus. 

PERFECT. 
You have torn your coat. ——They have hired a 
scheuren kited hunren 

country house. — They have inherited a thousand pounds. 
bv.iten - huis. erven pond. 

My brother and my cousin have learned the Dutch 

neef Nedtrduilsche 

language.— Alexander, the king of Macedonia, subdued 

spraak Macedonien overmcestern 

the greatest part of the world, in twelve years time. 1 

dee I tyd. 

have invited Miss C. — I have often warned him to 

nodigen waerscfiouuen 



76 

fake care of his affairs. — Have you heard that? — Have 
achlnemen op zaak 

they learnt it ? — Have they interposed themselves? 

lecren tuschenstellen 

They have discharged the prisoners. — I have had books 
verlossen gevangen. 

and paper. — You have had friends.- They have pillaged 

papier vriend plunderen 

the city and wasted the country. They have obliged 

vetwoesten verplickten 

my father. — You have boasted too much. — Brother, 

zlchbercemen te broeder 

have we not rejoiced ?- They have dazzled their 

zick verheugen verblinden 

neighbours. — We have warned them. — Have they 

waarschcuwen 

thanked you ? -Has he paid his debts ? — You have 

bedanken betalen schuld 

asked too much, sir. — — We have received good news. — 

vrngtn myn heer onlfangen iiieuws. 

Have they decided the question? We have humble 

beslisstn zaak vernederen 

their pride. — I have filled my cellar with good wine. — 

hoogmoed vullen kelder wyn. 

Has he enriched his family? — They have imagined, &c, 
verryken familie. zick inbeelden 

PLUPERFECT. 

I had finished my letter before three o'clock.— He had 
eindigen brief voor 

ventured all his money. — — They had advised him to 
all geld. aanraden 



77 

do it also. — They had plundered before they were seen.— > 

alzo. plonderen war en zien, ir. 

He had walked a little when the physician came.—* 

wandehn weinig wanneer genetsheer komen, ir. 

She had bolted the door, notwithstanding they have 

grendehn dtur, niettegenstaande 
robbed her of her clothes. — The besieged had endeavoured 
berooven kleder. belegerde pogen 

to the utmost, when they surrendered themselves. — We 
tot uittrste overgaven. 

had finished our work. — Had they neglected their affairs? 

eindigen tverck. 
—Had they emptied the bottles? — Had you denied the 

ledigen loochenen 

fact ? — They had executed her commands, and alarmed 
daad uitvoeren ontrudcw 

the country.— Had we not adorned our garden. 
versieren 

FIRST FUTURE. 

I will buy a horse at the fair. — Will not your 
koopen paard op jaarmarkt. niet 

father send you to school this winter ? — What shall we 

zenden na 

give him? — We shall warn your relations of 
geven vermanen vriend aangaande 

this. — I hope you will receive all my letter during 
hoopen cnivangen geduurende 

my absence. Shall we not lose if we play ? — «■ 

afwezentheid . verlkzen indien spelenf 



78 

Will not your sisters come down to-day ? — When shall 

bentden rati daag ? 
you go to Holland ? — We shall travel together. — They 

naar reizen tezamen. 

will fight, I hope they will be victorious. — You 

stryden hoopen zeegenpralen. 

shall weep, but nobody will console you.— Who will 

wetneny niemand vertroosten 
appear there without fear ! 

verscheinen zonder vrees ! 



SECOND FUTURE. 

I shall have sealed the letter before five o'clock. — They 
zegehn voor 

will have dined before our arrival. — He shall venture it, 

spyzen aankomst 

I am sure, and he shall not succeed. — We shall have asked 
ben zeker vragen 

it in time. — Jack and Phcebe will have reconciled them- 

in tyds zich verzoenen 

selves. — The two houses will have finished the business 

eindigen 
this week. — When you shall have adored Juno's deity, 
week eeren godheid 

appease Mars. 
bcvredig 

IMPERATIVE. 

Serve your master ! — Obey your parents! — Learn 

mcester gehoorzamen 



79 

your lesson!— Let us serve our country. — Read that 

Us vaderland. Lezen 

book. — Help the poor. — Oppose luxurious was 

Helpen wedcrstaan weeldrige door- 

ters* — — - Be well with your neighbour. — Abandon 
brenger velstaan gebuur vcrlaten 

bad company. — Support the unfortunate and do 
kwaad Ondersteunen ongelukkig <&, 

not insult him in adversity. — Do not neglect your 

hoenen tegenspoed. verwaarlozen 

affairs.—- Bridle my horse. — Let him enjoy the fruit of 

toomen genieten vrucht 

his labours. 
arbeid. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

That you may have riches. — That he may have a 
bezitten ryckdom. mogen 

good house. — I will respect him though he chide me. — 

eeren alhouwel verzuimen. 

That I may receive light. — I doubt whether he had re- 
bekomen licht. twyffelm of ont- 

ceived it. — I wish he behave well. — Do you believe he 
fangen wenschen gtdragen gelooven 

speaks true ? — I desire that he fetch the book. — That we 

waarheid 2 . willtn haalen 

might have no share. 
deel. 

INFINITIVE. 

I think to see him, — Go and speak to him. — Having 
denken Ga 



80 

sealed the letter, I gave it to my servant to carry it to 

geeven ir. dienaar brengen 

Mr. B. — It is easy to find faults, but difficult to 

gemakkelyk vinden gebrek mooielyk 

do better. — Histories are equally calculated to 

Gezchiedboek evengelyk berekenen 

form the heart, and to adorn the mind. — Q. Fabius 
tor men hart verciren gehtugen. 

Maximus was chosen general by the Romans against 

kiesen, ir. veldoverste tegen 

Hannibal : he found out a new art of conquering, 

uitvinden, ir. nieuwe kunst overwinnen 
not by fighting, but by weakening the enemy by delay.— 
vechten verzivacken vyand uitstel 

Learn to suffer in silence. Gaming and drinking are 

lyden stilzviygenheid. Spelen 
often the ruin of young people. 

dikwils ondergang jong 

PASSIVE VERBS. 

Verbs passive are called regular when they form their 
perfect participle by prefixing ge to the verb, and chang- 
ing its termination en into d, or sometimes t, as : from the 
verb hooren, to hear, is formed the passive, gehoord^eard'r 
from maken, to make, is formed gemakt, made. 

A regular passive verb is conjugated by adding the per. 
feet participle to the auxiliary zyn, to be, through all its 
changes of number, person, mood, and tense; in the follow 
ing manner: 



81 

GEHOORD ZVN.— TO BE HEARD. 

indicative mood. — Present Tense. 

Singular. 
ik ben gehoord, I am heard. 
gy zyt gehoord, thou art heard. 
hy is gehoord, he is heard. 

Plural. 
wy zyn gehoord, we are heard. 
gyh zyt gehoord, you are heard. 
zy zyn gehoord, they are heard. 

Imperfect Tense. 
Singular, 

ik was gehoord, I was heard. 
gy waart gehoord, thou wast heard. 
hy was gehoord, he was heard. 

Plural. 

wy warm gehoord, we were heard. 
gyl: waart gehoord, you were heard. 
zy waren gehoord, they were heard. 

Perfect Tense. 
Singular. 
ik ben gehoord geweest, I have been heard. 
gy zyt gehoord geweest, thou hast been heard. 
hy is gehoord geiveest, he has been heard. 



82 

Plural. 
wy zyn gehoord geweest, we have been heard. 
gyl: zyt gehoGrd geweest, you have been heard. 
zy zyn gehoord geweest t they have been heard. 

Pluperfect Tense. 
Singular. 
ik was gehoord geweest, I had been heard. 

gy waart gehoord geweest, thou hadat been heard. 
hy was gehoord geweest, he had been heard. 

Plural. 
wy waren gehoord geweest, we had been heard. 
gyl: waart gehoord geweest, you had been heard. 
zy waren gehoord geweest, they had been heard. 

First Future Tense. 

Singular. 
% k zal gehoord zyn, I shall be heard. 
gy znlt gehoord zyn, thou shalt be heard, 
hy zal gehoord zyn, he shall be heard. 

Plural. 
wy zullen gehoord zyn, we shall be heard. 
gyl: zult gehoord zyn, you shall be heard. 
zy zullen gehoord zyn, they shall be heard. 

Second Future Tense. 

Singular, 
ik zal gehoord geweest zyn, I shall have been heard. 
gy zult gehoord geweest zyn, thou shalt have been heard. 
hy zal gehoord geweest zyn, he shall have been heard. 



Plural. 
wy zullen gehoord geweest zyn, we shall have been heard. 
gyh zult gehoord geweest zyn, you shall have been heard. 
%y zullen gehoord geweest zyn, they shall have been heard, 

Conditional. 

Singular. 
ik zou gehoord zyn, I should be heard, 
gy zoudt gehoord zyn, thou shouldst be heard. 
hy zou gehoord zyn, he should be heard. 

Plural. 
wy zouden gehoord zyn, we should be heard. 
gyl: zoudt yehoord zyn, you should be heard. 
zy zouden gehoord zyn, they should be heard. 

Second Conditional. 

Singular. 
ik zou gehoord geweest zyn, I should have been heard. 
gy zoudt gehoord geweest zyn, thou should have been heard. 
hy zou gehoord geweest zyn, he should have been heard. 

Plural. 
wy zouden gehoord geweest zyn, we should have been heard 
gyl: zoudt gehoord geweest zyn, you should have been heard 
zy zouden gehoord geweest zyn^ they should have been heard 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Singular. 
laat my gehoord zyn, let me be heard. 

zy ; or wees gehoord, be thou heard. 

laat hem gehoord zyn, let him be heard* 



84 

Plural. 
laat ons gehoord zyn, let us be heard. 
zyt gehoord, be you heard. 

laat hun gehoord zyn, let them be heard. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Teuse. 

Singular. 
dat ik gehoord zy, that I be heard. 
dat gy gehoord zyt, that thou be heard. 
dat hy gehoord zy, that he be heard. 

Plural 
dat wy gehoord zyn, that we be heard. 
dat gyl: gehoord zyt, that you be heard. 
dat zy gehoord zyn, that they be heard. 

Imperfect Tense. 

Singular. 
dat ik gehoord ware, that I were heard. 
dat gy gehoord waret, that thou were heard. 
dat hy gehoord ware, that he were heard. 

Plural. 
dat wy gehoord war en, that we were heard. 
dat gyl: gehoord waret, that you were heard. 
dat zy gehoord waren, that they were heard. 

Perfect Tense. 

Singular. 
dat ik gehoord geweest zy, that I have been heard, 
dat gy gehoord geweest zyt, that thou have been heard. 
dat hy gehoord geweest zy, that he have been heard. 



85 

Plural. 

dat wy gehoord zyn geweest, that we have been heard. 
dat gy I: gehoord zyt geweest, that you have been heard, 
dat zy gehoord zyn geweest, that they have been hearcL 

Pluperfect Tense. 

Singular. 
dat ik gehoord ware geweest, that I had been heard, 
dat gy gehoord waret geweest, that thou had been heard, 
dat hy gehoord ware geweest, that he had been heard. 

Plural. 
dat wy gehoord war en geweest , that we had been heard. 
dat gyl: gehoord waret geweest, that you had been heard. 
dat zy gehoord war en geweest , that they had been heard* 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present, gehoord zyn, to be heard. 

Perfect, gehoord zyn geweest, to have been heard. 

PABTjICIPLES. 

Present, zynde gehoord, being heard. 

Perfect, or Passive, gehoord, heard. 

Comp. Perfect, zynde gehoord geweest, having been heard. 

Observe from this conjugation that, when there are two 
or more auxiliaries joined to the participle, the first of 
them only is varied according to the person and number. 

The neuter is conjugated as the active ; but as it par- 
takes somewhat of the nature of the passive, it adjaits in 
i 



83 

many instances of the passive forua, retaining still the neuter 
signification, as : ik ben aa?igekomen 3 1 am arrived ; ik was 
we.ggegaan, I was gone away. 



Exercises on the Passive Verbs. 

We are loaded with benefits. — We are grateful. — 
overladen weldaad dankbaar 

These plants are well watered. His relations were 

begieten, ir. bloeive? want 

warned of it. When have these houses been 

waarschouwen wanneer 

demolished ? -His affairs are neglected. — Many palaces 
afbreken, ir. verzuimen 

should have been burnt down, that people were ungrate- 
afbranden ondank' 

ful. — He has been at the university. — I am sure of it, 
haar op universiteit. zeker 

They have been rewarded.- — The fire is extinguished. 

worden s ir. beloonen. uitdooven 

—He was compelled to submit himself. — He is rewarded 
noodzaken onderwerpen beloonen 

for his labour. He becomes wise. — — He has been 

ivys 
instructed by his brother, and become teamed.- — Diligent 
onderwyzen 9 ir. warden naarstig 

scholars are esteemed by their master. -^ — All the 
scholier ashten meester 



67 

rooms are let. — They are gone back 3 and are 
kamer verhunren iveder-keren 

anchored three miles in sea. — I hope the meat will be, 
ankeren zee vleesch 

better roasted another day. — They shall he treated 

bra den, ir. ander bekandfltn 

as they have treated us. — The glasses are filled, the cups 

v till 'en tas 

are cleaned. — All the houses shall be rebuilt next 

reinigen. kerbouwen naaste 

snnnner; they should have been rebuilt this seasoii, 

zomer, jaargelyde, 

but for some reasons it has been delayed. The plate 

cm uiislcllen ptaat 

will be engraved in two month*.— The chairs cannot be 

graver en sloe I kunnni 

repaired, they are too much injured ; we have been 
lerbeteren hinderen 

diminished more than half. —The powerful Semiramis 
verminderen helft\ mdgttg 

was killed by her own son — It is the lot of 

ver moor den door eigeri lot 

great men to be persecuted by envy, though envy be 

man vervo/gen nyd, alhoewel 

the torment of the envious. 
pyniging afgunstig. 



88 



OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Irregular verbs are those which do not form their imper- 
fect tense, and their perfect participle after the rule laid 
down. See page 63. 

The irregularity consisting only in the said imperfect 
tense and perfect participle; in all other respects these 
verbs are conjugated as the regular verbs. 

Irregular verbs are of various sorts. 

1st. Swcii as form the imperfect tense by changing the 
termination en of the verb into te ; and for the participle 
info t, having the syllable ge prefixed : as : 

Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. 



naken, 


ik naakle, 


genaokt, to approach. 


eischen, 


eischiey 


geeischf, to ask. 


kaaizen, 


kaatste, 


gekaatst, to play with a ball 


dopen, 


do opt e, 


gedoopt, to baptize. 



2d. Such as make the imperfect by changing the ter- 
mination n into de, or only by cutting off the last w, 
they have likewise two imperfects ; and form their preter 
participle by cutting off the termination en and prefixing 
ge to the verb, as : 

Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. 

vluchten, ik vluchtte, or,vluchtede, gevtucht, to fly. 
achten, achtte, or, achtede, geacht, to esteem. 

groeten, groetle, or, groetede, gegroet, to salute. 
zuchten, zuchtte, or, zuchtede, gezuchf, to sigh. 

3d. Such as have y or ei in the last syllable but 
one, form their imperfect by changing it into ee, and cut- 
ting off the termination en : and for their preter participle, 



89 

by affixing ge to the verb when y or ei is changed into 
e, as; 

Verb. Imperfect Tense. Perfect part. Verb. 



krygen, 


ik kreeg, 


gekregen. 


to get. 


hyttn 


beet, 


gebeten, 


to bite. 


stryden, 


s treed, 


gestreden, 


to fight. 


wyken, 


week, 


geiveken, 


to withdraw. 



Except from this rule; kryten, to cry ; lymen, to glue; 
vryen, to free; iwynen, to twine; pypen, to pipe; vylen, 
to file ; lynen, to rule ; mynen, to mine ; pynen, to trouble, 
which are regular. 

The following irregular verbs, and all their compounds, 
differ in the whole, or in part, from the three foregoing 
manners : 



Verb. 


Imperfect Tense. 


Perfect part. 


Verb. 


Bakken 


ik bakte 


gebakken 


to bake 


bederv n 


be dor f 


bedorven 


to spoil, 


hieden 


bood 


geboden 


to command. 


bedriegen 


bedroog 


bedrogen 


to deceive. 


< 
brengen 


bragt 


gebragt 


to bring. 


breken 


brak 


gebroken 


to break. 


bevelen 


beval 


bevolen 


to command. 


bidden 


bad 


geboden 


to pray. 


bin den 


bond 


gebonden 


to bind. 


beginnen 


begun 


begonnen 


to begin. 


buigen 


boog 


gebogen 


to bend. 


bezinnen 


besan 


bezonnen 


to recollect, 


hraden 


bradde 


gebraden 


to roast. 


denken 


dagt 


gedagt 


to think. 


dingen 


dong 


gedongen 


to cheapen. 



00 



doen 


Hi dede 


gedann 


to do. 


dragen 


droeg 


gedragen 


to carry* 


dringen 


drong 


gedrongen 


to press. 


drinken 


dronk 


gedronken 


to drink. 


dryven 


dreef 


gedreven 


to drive. 


dwingen 


dwong 


gedwongen 


to force. 


eeten 


at 


gegeten 


to eat. 


gaan 


ging 


gegaan 


to go. 


gebieden 


gebood 


geboden 


to command. 


geven 


S a f 


gegeven 


to give. 


genezen 


genas 


genezen 


to heal. 


glyden 


gleed 


gegleden 


to slide. 


glimmen 


glom 


geglommen 


to glow. 


g'enieten 


genoot 


genoien 


to enjoy. 


gieten 


goot 


g ego ten 


to pour. 


graven 


groef 


gegraven 


to dig. 


hangen 


hong 


gehangen 


to hang. 


hebben 


had 


gehad 


to have. 


Jieten 


hut 


geheten 


to bid. 


Jielpen 


holp 


geholpen 


to help. 


houden 


Mel 


gehouden 


to bold 


Tiouwen 


houwd 


gehouwen 


to chop 


jagen 


joegh 


gejagen 


to hunt. 


kunnen 


kon 


gekunnen 


to be able 


kiezen 


koos 


gekozen 


to choose 


klim 


klom 


geklommen 


to climb. 


klinken 


klonk 


geklonken 


to sound. 


komm 


kwam 


gekomen 


to come. 


koopm 


kogt 


gekogt 


to buy. 


krimpen 


kromp 


ge kromp en 


to shrink; 


krygen 


kreeg 


gekregen 


to obtain. 



m 



klieven 


ik kloof 


gekloven 


to gnaw,, 


kruipen 


kroop 


gekropen 


to creep. 


luiken 


look 


geloken 


to close. 


laten 


liet 


gelaten 


to leave. 


lagchgen 


loeg 


gelagchen 


to laugh* 


lezen 


las 


gelezen 


to read. 


liegen 


hog 


gelogen 


to lay. 


leggen 


lag 


gelegen 


to lie. 


loopen 


- Hep 


geloopen 


to run. 


lyden 


leed 


geleden 


to suffer* 


mogen 


mogt 


gemogt 


to be able* 


moeten 


moest 


gemoeten 


must. 


met en 


mat 


gemeten 


to measure 


nemen 


nam 


genomen 


to take. 


j 


plagt 




fn ncp 


piegen 




10 use. 


pluizen 


ploos 


geplozen 


to drain. 


roepen 


riep 


geroepen 


to call. 


ruiken 


rook 


geroken 


to smell. 


raden 


vied 


geraden 


to advise. 


rieken 


rook 


geroken 


to smell. 


scheiden 


scheide 


gescheiden 


to depart. 


scheppen 


schiep 


geschapen 


to create. 


schenken 


schonk 


geschonken 


to pour. 


schieten 


echoot 


geschoten 


to shoot. 


schuiven 


schoof 


geschoven 


to shove. 


schreiven 


sehreef 


geschreven 


to write. 


slaan 


sloeg 


gestagen 


to beat. 


slapen 


sliep 


geslapen 


to sleep. 


sluiten 


sloot 


gesloten 


to shut. 


smelten 


smolt 


gesmolten 


to melt. 


snuiten 


snoot 


gesnoten 


to snuff. 



92 



snyden 


ik sneed 


gesneden 


to cut. 


spinnen 


spon 


gesponnen 


to spin. 


spreken 


sprak 


gesproken 


to speak. 


springen 


sprang 


gesprongen 


to jump. 


staan 


stond 


gestaan 


to stand. 


steken 


stak 


gesteken 


to stab. 


stelen 


stool 


gestolen 


to steal, 


sterven 


stierf 


gestorven 


to die. 


stinken 


stonk 


gestonken 


to stiuk. 


stoolen 


stiet 


gestooten 


to push. 


stuiven 


stoof 


gestoven 


to make a dust 


stryden 


streed 


gestreden 


to combat. 


stryken 


streek 


gestreken 


to strike. 


schendeit 


schon 


geschonden 


to violate. 


scheren 


schoor 


geschoren 


to shove. 


shaken 


slook 


gesloken 


to smuggle, 


sluipen 


sloop 


geslopen 


to sneak. 


snuiven 


snoot 


gesnoven 


to take snufll 


spruiten 


sproot 


gesproien 


to descend. 


spit gen 


spoog 


gespogen 


to spit. 


spuiten 


spool 


gespoten 


to spout. 


trekken 


trok 


getrokken 


to drav/. 


treffen 


trof 


getroffen 


to hit* 


varen 


voer 


gevaren 


to navigate.. 


vail en 


viel 


gev alien 


to fall, 


vangen 


vong 


gevangen 


to catch. 


veghten 


vogt 


gevogten 


to fight. 


vergettn 


vergat 


vergeten 


to forget* 


verliezcn 


verloor 


verloren 


to loose. 


verslinden 


verslond 


verslonden 


to devour,, 


nnden 


vond 


gevonden 


to find.. 



93 



v leg ten 


ik vlogt 


gevlogten 


to twist. 


v lie gen 


vloog 


gevlogen 


to fly. 


vragen 


vroeg 


gevraagd 


to ask. 


vriezen 


vroos 


gevrozen 


to freeze. 


verdrieten 


verdroot 


verdroten 


to sadden. 


verwerven 


verworf 


verworven 


to obtain. 


verzinnen 


verzon 


verzonnen 


to invent. 


verzivinden 


verzwon 


verzwenden 


to disappear 


vlieten 


vloot 


gevloten 


to flow. 


waschen 


waschte 


gewasschen 


to wash. 


tvegen 


woog 


gewogen 


to weigh. 


weten 


ivist 


geweten 


to know. 


w even 


weefde 


geweven 


to weave. 


werpen 


wierp 


geworpen 


to throw, 


tv erven 


werfde 


geivorven 


to levy. 


ivezen 


war 


gewezen 


to be. 


winden 


icond 


gewonden 


to wind. 


tvinnen 


won 


gewonnen 


to gain. 


worden 


wierd 


geworden 


to become. 


living en 


wrong 


gewrcngen 


to wring. 


wreken 


ivreekie 


geivroken 


to avenge. 


zenden 


zond 


gezonden 


to send. 


zieden 


zood 


gezoden 


to seetb. 


zien 


zag 


gezien 


to see. 


zweren 


zwoor 


gezworen 


to swear. 


zwelltn 


zwol 


geswollen 


to swell, 


zwelgen 


zwolg 


gezwolgen 


to swallow, 


zwemmen 


zwom 


gezwommen 


to swim. 


zinksn 


zonk 


gezonken 


to sink. 


zingen 


zong 


gezongen 


to sing. 


zitteu 


zat 


gezeten 


to sit. 



94 



zoeken 


ik zogt 


gezbgt 


to seek. 


euigen 


zoog 


gezogen 


to suck, 


zuipen 


zoop 


gezopen 


to house 


iyn 


was 


geweest 


to be. 



For the formation, in all irregular verbs, of the three 
persons of the imperfect tense in which the irregularity lies, 
it may be observed, 1st, The first person singular and third 
are both alike, as : ik schreef, hy schreef, I wrote, he wrote : 
2nd. The second person singular and plural are both alike, 
and end with t, as : gy schreef t, gylieden schreef t, thou 
wrote, you wrote : 3rd, The first person plural and third 
are both alike, and terminate in 'en, as: ivy schrevcn, zy 
schreven 9 we wrote, they wrote, ivy liepeft, zy Uepen, we 
run, they run.— The perfect participle m conjugating never 
changes, as; gy hebt gegoten, zy hcbbm gegoten, thou 
hast poured, they have poured 1 



OF IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

Verbs are denominated impersonal, which relate neither 
to a foregoing person or thing, and which, as is observed, 
are only conjugated in the third person singular. They 
are preceded generally by the pronoun het, it; or men*, 
they ; of this number are ; 



* This particle men cannot be used before verbs which are 
impersonal by nature; as for example, we never say : men regent^ 
men vriest ; but we say only j het regent, het vriesl. 



het regent, it rains. 
het mist, there is a fog. 
het vriest, it freezes. 
het dooid, it lhaus. 
het blixemd, it lightens. 
het dondert, it thunders. 
het hageld, it. bails. 
het ivaaid, it blows. 
he t behoord, it ought. 
het betaamt, it behooves. 
het schynt, it seems. 
het sneeuwd, it snows. 



95 

het gebeitrd, it happens. 
het blykt, it appears. 
men hoord, it is heard, 
/ie/ verdriet lum, it grieves 

him. 
mm weet, it is known. 
men zegt, it is said. 
'£ & wonder, 't is wonderful. 
'/ is warm, 't is warm. 
H is koud, 't is cold. , 
het rouwd hem, he repents 

it. 



These verbs may be conjugated through all moods and 
tenses like personals, as : het regende gisteren, it rained 
yesterday ; het heeft gehageld, it has hailed ; zal het 
vriezen 1 shall it freeze ? heeft het gedonderd ? has it thuc* 
dered ? het zal hem berouwen, he shall repent it. 



Pro?niscuous Exercises upon the Verbs. 

We expect our friend Mr. B. — He sells bad 

verwagten verkoopen 

fruit. Happy is the man who fears the Lord. ■. ■ - 

vrucht gelukkig vrezen Heere 

We have seen great events in our age. — I did write 

gebeurtenis eeuw 

to you the last post. — All the meat is spoiled.— I fear 
met vleesch 



96 

they shall be deceived. — The shoemaker has brought 

schoenmaker 
your shoes. — They have bound him, and robbed him of 
schoen bestelen 

all his money. — He has been forced to go there. When 

geld daar. 

did you arrive at London? — I do not mean to 

aankomen Lenden menen 

wrong him. — Giddy people are doubtless not 

onrechtdoen duizelig ongetwyffelt 

wise. — Not understanding your plan, he does not 

wys verstaan voornemen 

approve of it, — Though we obey her in every 

goedkeuren alhoewel gehoorzamen alles 

thing. — I wrote to your father some time ago, that 

eenige iyd geleden 
he might engage Mr. B. to pay me a visit in 

verplichten hezoeken 

my new dwelling. — Your uncle desired that you 

nieuw woning. oom gebieden 

might sell his two horses to Mr. S. — I should be very 

verkoopen zou 

sorry if they fell in bad hands.— It is easy 

bedroefd indien kwade gemakkelyk 

to find faults, but difficult to do better. — — They are 

fout moeielyk 

increased in wealth, — He should conduct himself well 
aangroeien rykdom gedragen 

if he left that company. — Would your mother not 

verlaten 
despise such a conduct ?— I am sure you would marry 



97 

despise such a conduct.— I am sure you would marry 
misachten gedrag zeker irouwen 

her if she were richer. — They would have paid us but 

bet den 
the money failed. — They deserved a better reception, 

mangelen verdienen onthaal 

— Their country house will be rebuilt this summer. — The 

% zomer 
Romans kept without interruption the sacred fire 

onderhouden zander ophonden heilig 

in the temple of Vesta.— It is said that you have received 
tempel Vesta cntvange?i 

more than a hundred letters about that place, — The 

veer plaats. 

people went out of the city by hundreds and thousands. 

ait met 

— Have you not been there r— I do not find it too difficult. 

te 
— »- Those who have never suffered, know nothing.— We 
nooit niets 

should never speak of what we are ignorant. They 

moeten niet weten 

went away without eating or drinking, — You deceived him 

tueg zondtr 
once, but it will happen no more. — It is said it lightened 
eens niet 

at night, and froze in the morning. —It rained and Mowed 
nagt 

the whole afternoon.— — 1 fear it will snow, for it is 
namiddag mezen ivant 

K 



m 

indeed very cold. — The heart is a true camelion, we 

arm hart waare kamelion, 

think to seize it, and we embrace nothing but a 

beslaan omvatten dan 

shadow. — I did not doubt but he was a man of quality. 
schaduw twyffelen of quality t, 

■ — Liberality consists less in giving much, than in giving 
mildheid beslaan 

seasonably.- If I had combated in your games, said 

echi van pas stryden spel spreken 

Teieinachus, it was not with the hope of reigning here, it 

heerschen hier 
was in order to deserve your esteem and compassion ; 
o m acht ing medelyden 

it was that you should allow me the means of 

toestann middel 

returning to my place.— We should criticise with taste, 
ivederkertn in moeten hekelcn smaak 

and censure ^ith moderation,— -Give me that man, that 

beslraffen maatigheid 

is not passion's slave, and I will wear him in my heart's 
hardstogt slaaf dragen 

core. In the morning think what thou hast to do, and 

khkhuis 

at night ask thyself what thou hast done.— A lying tongue 

nagt I4egen tong 

is but for a moment, but truth is the daughter of 

oogenblik waarheid dochter 

time, and in the end will appear. — — Let him think 
einde ver&chynen 



09 



what he will, he shall not prevent me from acting as I 
beletten doer. 

ought. — Alexander conquered the Persians, 1 have 

overwinnen 
seen your house and admired its beaut}'. — — The 

verwondcren schoonheid 
word is found in Fenelon's book. — I always shall remem- 
woord ally d errin- 

ber your advice.— The king's army has been preserved. — 
neren raad leger behouden 

Jason obtained the gold fleece. — He will hurt hini- 

verkrygen goud vlies kwelzsn 

self. — They have forgot themselves. — He has weakened 
vergeten va-zwakken 

himself.— -Let us divert ourselves. — -She fancied her- 

verheugen in hee.L l-n 

$ei£— B Thev have surrendered themselves —Loose ilm 

omrgmvm tJi-autki-n 

horses; sir, they are loosened, ™Who has earriid over 

overt reiigtn 
the mail?— The enemy is repelled, — —They have 

maal, f. vyand terugdryven 

interposed them. — The prisoners are released. 

tu&schtnstcllm gevangen vrulalen* 



SECTION VI. 

OF ADVERBS. 

An adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, (whence 
it derives its name), an adjective, and sometimes to an 



100 

other adverb,- to express some quality or circumstance 
respecting it, as : hy leest wet, be reads well ; een oprecht 
goed man, a truly good man ; hy doet zeer wel, be does 
very well. 

Some adverbs admit of degrees of comparison, as : 
vroeg, vroeger, vroegst, soon, sooner, soonest; wyselyk, 
wyselyker, ivyselykst, wisely, more wisely, most wisely. 

Adverbs seem originally to have been contrived to ex- 
press compendiously in one word, what must otherwise 
have required two or more, as: hy deed het gistern, he 
did it yesterday; for, hy deed het den dag voor dezen dag, 
he did it the day before this day ; hy deed wyselyk, he 
acted wisely; for, hy deed met wysheid, he acted with 
wisdou). 

Adverbs, though very numerous, may be reduced to 
certain classes, the chief of which are those of number, 
order, place, time, quantity, manner or quality, doubt, 
affirmation, negation, interrogation, and comparison. 

1. Of number, as: ecus, once; (weernaal, twice, 
driemaal, thrice, &c. 

2. Of order, as: ten eerste, first ; ten twede, secondly ; 
ten derde, thirdly ; ten vierde, fourthly ; ten laatstc, 
lastly. 

3. Of place, as: hler. here; daar, there; elders, 
elsewliere ; ergens, somewhere ; overal,evevy where; nergens, 

- nowhere ; hierin, herein ; waarhenen, whither ; henvaards, 
hither; dtrwaards, ihither; opwaards, upward; neder- 
waards, downward ; voorwaards, forward ; achterivaards, 
backward ; waaruit, whence ; Meruit, hence ; daaruit, 
thence ; binnen, within ; buiten, without ; ver, far. 

4. Of time present, as: ?iu, now; heden, to-day, &c. 



101 

Of time past, as : alreeds, already ; te wren, before ;. 
onlangs, lately; gisteren, yesterday; voordezen, hereto- 
fore ; tot hier toe, hitherto ; al over lang, long ago, &c. 

Of time to come, as : morge7i, to-morrow ; nog niet, 
not yet ; hier na, hereafter ; voortaan, henceforth ; straks, 
by and by ; aanstonds, instantly ; onmidddyk, immedi- 
ately; bytydts, betimes. 

Of time indefinite, as : dikwyls, often ; menigmaal, 
oft-times ; zomtyds, sometimes ; dra y soon ; zelden, sel- 
dom ; dagelyks, daily ; weklyks, weekly ; maandelyks, 
monthly ; jaar/yks, yearly ; geduurig, always ; wanneer, 
when ; alsdan, then ; ooit, ever ; nooit, never : wederom, 
again ; anders, otherwise ; aleenlyk, only 

5. Of quantity, as : veel, much ; weinig, little ; ge- 
noegzaam, sufficiently ; hoeveel, how much ; genoeg, 
enough ; overvloedig, abundantly. 

6. Of manner or quality, as : wyzelyk, wisely ; zottelyk, 
foolish; rechivaardiglyk, justly ; onrechtvaardiglyk, un- 
justly ; schielyk, quickly; langzaam, slowly; vroeg, early, 

7. of doubt, as: mischien, perhaps; mogelyk, pos- 
sibly ; by geval, perchance. 

8. Of affirmation, as: waarlyk, truly; ongetwyffeld, 
undoubtedly ; zekerlyk, certainly ; ja, yes ; inderdaad, 
indeed ; dadelyk, really, &c. 

9. Of negatiou, as : neen, no } niet, not ; geensints, by 
no means ; in geene wyze, in no wise, &c. 

10. Of interrogation, as: hoe, how: waarom, why; 
waarook, wheresoever; welk van beyde, whether. 

11. Of comparison, as: meer, meerder, more; meest? 
most ; beter, better ; best, best ; erger, worse ; ergst 



102 

worst; minder, less; m'msi, least; zeer, very; meest, 
•almost ; iveinig, little,; even eens, gelylc, alike, &c. 

Besides fheadverbs already mentioned, there are many 
which are formed by a combination of several of the pre- 
positions, with the adverbs of place, frier, daar, and waar, 
as: kieraf, hereof; daaraf, thereof; waar af, whereof; 
tothier, hereto; waartoe, whereto; hierby hereby; daar* 
voor, or voor dot, therefore ; daar in, or, in dat, therein ; 
van pas, seasonably. 

There are some adverbs composed of a noun and pre- 
position, as: te grand, aground; omhoog, above; aan* 
hoard, abroad; ie bed, abed; aanstonds, directly. 

Many adverbs are sometimes used as adjectives, as: 
men heefl reel geld verlcwist ; much money has been spent; 
and sometimes as substantives, as: waar veel word gegeven, 
veel zal er gevraagd warden, where much is given, much 
will be required. But if the latter sentence depend on 
the former to make a complete sense, they precede them, 
as : ik will dat zy langsaam leze, I desire she read slowly. 
Adveibs in simple tenses follow the verbs ; but in com- 
pound the auxiliaries, as: hy kwam gistern, en zy zullen 
mcrgen Icemen, he came yesterday, and they will come to- 
morrow ; but Adverbs of interrogation' are placed before 
the verbs, as : waar is hy ? where is he ? wanneer zullen 
wy vaer'en ? when will we sail ?— In poetry, and energetic 
sense, likewise in a sublime stile, we may put them very 
well in the beginning of the phrase, as : eindelyk zyn zy 
bevredigd, at last they are reconciled ; ~For the remain- 
der, the easy flow and the perspicuity of the phrase ought 
to be chiefly regarded. 



103 



Exei^cises upon Adverbs. 

How do you find yourself to-day ? Exceedingly well, I 

uittermate 
thank you heartily. — I am very glad of it. — I was 
bedanken verblyd 

a little indisposed yesterday. — Are you going already ? I 

shall come again to-morrow. — I must soon return home.— 

How is your father ? He is a great deal better. When 

shall we ride on horse-back together ? When it shall please 

te pnard behagen 

you. — She behaves herself politely. — He dances grace- 

danzen beval- 
fully. — I despise thuP? who speak otherwise than they 
lig minachten 

think. — A wise man speaks modestly of himself 3 and never 

ze dig 
says any thing without having carefully examined it.— 

zonder zorgvuldig onderzoeke?i 

A precious stone pleases only when it is polished and well 

kostelyk polysten 

cut. — Is she good ? yes, indeed she is. — Wherefore should 

you do it. — We will get up early and set out betimes. — 

opsiaan uiizetten 

That excepted he bought it very cheap. — You see to 
uitnemen - goedkoop 



104 

how many reproaches we are liable. Put that back- 

verwyt onderwerpen. Stel 

ward.— She was within, and I was without. — He did it in a 

ten 
(twinkling of an eye).— I have written to your brother 
oogenblik 
twice, but he has not yet answered. — How long have 

antwoorden 
you been in England ? — You arrive very seasonably. — How 

far is it hence ? — Thence I went to Holland. — Go thither, 
we will go hither. — Every where are found honest peo- 
ple.— It was said long ago.— Henceforth I hope you will 

amend you. — He pays monthly. — They gave abun- 

beteren betalen 

dantly. — He proceeds foolishly and unjustly.— Perhaps 

voortgaan 
he will perceive it. — Truly they hold themselves 

getvaar worden 
respectably. — Indeed she repents it. — Certainly and undoubt- 
deftig 
edly, — Your friend speaks little, but he speaks seasonably. 



105 

SECTION VII. 
OF PREPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions are indeclinable words which show the re- 
lation between other words, as : van, of; aan, to ; voor 9 
before, &c. as : het palais van den keizer, the palace of 
the emperor ; geef het boek aan Andries, give the book 
to Andrew ; hy ging van Londen naar York, lie went 
from London to York. 

Prepositions are for the most part set before nouns, or 
pronouns, and several times joined to verbs, as : met 
Willem, with William : hy gaat voor o?is, he goes before 
us : zy kwamen ons tegen, they met us. 

They govern always the objective case, as : van my, of 
me; aan hun, to them ; zy zirflen hen wederstaan, they 
will resist them ; hy is ons voorgelopen, he has run before 
us. — When the prepositions in compound verbs are set 
before, or after the verbs, see page C3. 

The prepositions aan, to ; voor, for ; are often under- 
stood : as : geef my het boek, give me the book ; haal 
my ivat papier, get me some paper ; that is : aan my, 
voor my. 

Van, of ", denotes a possession or belonging, as: hethuis 
van mynen vriend, the house of my friend. 

Naar, to, is opposite to van, from, as : hy reed van 
Londen naar Kew, he rode from London to Kew. 

By, by, is generally used in reference to a place, as : 
by huis, close by home. 



10f5 



Voor, before, relates to time and place ; voor^ for, in- 
dicates belonging, as : het is voor hem, it is for him. 

Door, through, relates to places, as : t e gaan door het 
gedrang, to go through the crowd. 

Door, by has a reference to a cause, as : het was door 
kern gebouivd, it was built by him. 

The following is a list of the principal prepositions : 



eg ter, 


after. 


op, 


upon. 


aan, 


to. 


over, 


over. 


benedcn, 


below. 


omtrent, 


about. 


benevens, 


beside 


volgens, 


according. 


behalven. 


besides. 


nit, 


out. 


hoven, 


above. 


wegens, 


concerning. 


hinnen, 


within. 


tasschen, 


between. 


ly, 


by. 


tegen, 


against. 


door, 


through. 


in, 


into. 


met, 


with. 


sonder, 


without* 


wider t 


among. 







That the use of prepositions may become more familiar, 
take the following examples : van den koning, of or 
from the king; aan de goden, to the gods; neven mynen 
vader, besides my father ; by dt?i weg, by the way ; voor 
den tyd, before the time ; met gantscher harte, with the 
whole heart ; ter doode venvezen, to death condemned ; 
ter aarde vallen, to fall on earth ; door de zift gieten, to 
pour through a sieve ; te scheep gaan, to go on ship ; te 
water gaan, to go by water. 



107 

Exercises on the Prepositions, 

Under whom did you serve ?— To whom do you speak t 
—There are many peaches again-* the wall ?— I will be at 

perzik 
home before you.— -Behind the post office.— Let us 

post comptoir 
divide it betwixt us.— I walked beyond the farm.— Sit 
verdekn koeve 

by me. — She took it for me, from her, in the garden. His 

house is near mine.— He fell off his horse.— Is he out of 
danger ? — The account is on the table.— He lives with 
gevaar reekening 

his brother, over the way. — They rode yesterday together, 
through Hyde Park. 

-^ 

SECTION VIII. 

OF CONJUNCTIONS, 

A conjunction is a part of speech which connects sen- 
tences together, so as, out of two, to make one. It 
sometimes connects only words, Conjunctions are prin- 
cipally divided into two sorts, the copulative and the dis- 
junctive. 

The conjunction copulative serves to continue a sentence, 
as : hy en zyn breeder wonen in den Haag, he and his 
brother reside in the Hague ; ik wil gaan> indien hy my 
wild vergezehekappen, I will go, if he will accompany me. 

The conjunction disjunctive serves not only to connect 
and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition 



108 

of meaning in different degrees, as : alhoewel hy dikwyls 
bestraft w'.erd nogtans beterde hy niet, though he were 
frequent re] roved, yet he did not reform ; zy kwamen 
met haar, maar gingen weg zonder haar, they came with 
her, but went away without her. 

Relative pronouns, as well as conjunctions, serve to con- 
nect sentences, as : gezegend is de mensch die den Heere 
vretst, en die zyne geboden ondt-rhoud, blessed is the man 
who feareth the Lord, and keepeth his commandments. 

These two kinds of conjunctions may be subdivided, and 
taken under several denominations, as : 

1. Concessives, as : alhoewel, ofschoon, although ; 
niet tegensiaande, albeit ; of, or ; so ah, as if ; so dra, 
as soon. 

2. Adversatives, as : maar, but ; nogtans, yet ; niet te 
min, nevertheless. 

3. Causals, as : want, for ; diensvolgens, consequently ; 
so dat, so that, &c. 

4. Conditionals, as: indien, if; terwyl dat, whilst that ; 
mits, provided; dewyl, because. 

5. Excepiives, as : tenzy, unless ; uitgenomen, except ; 
behahen dat, besides that ; zonder dat, without that ; 
andersints, otherwise. y 

Many adverbs may be used as conj unctions," a5d the 
sense alone can determine when they are used as 'conjunc- 
tions, and when as adverbs. 

Conjunctions, which denote a certainty, govern the 
indicative mood ; but those which express a desire, wish, or 
doubt, govern the subjunctive ; as : doch hy sludeert opdat 
hy geleered worde, but he studies that he become learned. 



109 

Exercises upon the Conjunctions. 

Not only the years, but the days and hours are 

uur 
registered. — I was also with him. - Give me either green 
aanteken groen 

or blue. — A liar is not believed though he speak 

Mauw leugenaar geloven 

the truth. — You are happy because you are good. — He 

waarheid 
jread it twice, that she might understand it better. — If 

opdal 
you be attentive you will improve.— I do not know 

aundagtig toeneemen 

whether I shall go or not. — Although she is young, yet 

of 
she is not handsome. — As white as snow. — I think Miltois 

sneeuw 
as great a poet as Virgil. — I was so tiied, that I fell a 

vermoeyen in 

sleep. — I love you, because you behave better than your 
slaap 

brother does. — We will set out as soon as we have warmed 

vertrekken warmen 

ourselves. — You are quite altered since I saw 

Veenemaal vtrandcren zedcrt 
you last. — Your brother was but twenty years old, when 

laast 
he was made a captain ; he has more experience than 

ondervinding 

L 



110 

you have. — Whilst you play and lose money, your sister 

zuster 
is learning her lesson.— AH men seek after riches, and yet 

leren 
we see few rich men happy. — Play on the harpsichord 

cjj clavecimbal 

while I write my letters.— You will be punished, for you 

siiaffen 
deserve it. — You will never be respected, unless you 
verdienen achten 

forsake him. 
verlalen 



SECTION IX. 
OF INTERJECTIONS. 

An interjection is so called from its signification in Latin, 
which is a casting or throwing between ; and so it is an 
indeclinable, abrupt, and imperfect kind of speech, ex- 
pressing the affection or passion of the mind of itself, 
without dependence on or yielding assistance to another 
word. 

There are as many interjections as there are various 
motions and agitations of the mind ; such as intimate 
grief are : helaas ! eylaas I alas ! och my ! ey my ! ah mei 
wee ! wo! o! ah my arme zkl ! o! oh my poor soul! 
wee ul wo you! harmhartigheid! bless me! aeh myn 
God! O my God! 

Of admiration, as: och wonderlyk ! ah wonderful! 
hoe dusJ how thus ! inderdaad ! really! indeed! 



Ill 



Of detestation, as: foey, fie; schaamjenietl you are 
not ashamed ? 

Of calling, as: hcu ! bey! hem ! hem! hotel ho! 

Of call, of attention, as: aanziet ! behold! aanhoord ! 
hark ! 

Of requesting silence, as : sits swyg, silence ; kusck ! 
hush ! 

Of salutation 3 as : welkom t welcome. 



Exercises upon the hiierjcclions* 

Oil I I have alienated my friend,— Aim ! I fm? foj 
vervreemdm 
hh life, m* Oh ! pity, — Oh ! shame. —Where is now 

leven medelyden schaamte 

your flourishing season ? — O king ! live for ever. — O thou ! 

bloaende lyd 
that livest in the heavens. — O heavens ! hear my voice.— 

kernel stem 

Wo to them who reject good council.— Oh ! fatal 

verwerpen raad noodlottig 

accident. — Fie, do not put yourself in a passion. — O 
aanval 
virtue ! how amiable art thou. — Bless me, I am undone. — 

lieflyk verlizen 

Hush thee, silence. Oh! the dimal effects which 

yslylc ititwerkzel 



112 

laziness produces. Wo to those that resist the 
hiiheid voortbiegm wederstaan 

Almighty! 
Almachtig. 



Having, in this manner, gone through the respective 
parts of speech, there will be no occasion for syntax ; for 
the perspicuity and accuracy of a language, skilful authors' 
works should be perused and studied : some sentences may 
be selected, by the master* for parsing* — the English scholar 
will, at the same time, perceive that vast analogy which ex- 
ists between this and his own language, which moreover 
will ease him abundantly in his pursuit. 



Exercises on different Subjects. 



ON KNOWLEDGE. 

The life of a wise man is lengthened by his pursuit of 
knowledge, as that of a fool by his passion. 

The time of the one is' long, because he does not know 
what to do with it; but the other distinguishes every mo- 
ment of it with useful and amusing thoughts ; the one is 
always wishing it away, and the other always enjoying if. 
How different is the view of past life, in the man who is 
grown old in knowledge, from that of him who is grown 
old in ignoranee4 The latter is like the owner of a barren 
country, that fills his eye with the prospect of naked hills 



113 

and plains, which produce nothing ; the other beholds an 
agreeable landscape, and can scarce cast his eye on a single 
spot of his possessions, that is not covered with some beau- 
tiful plant. 



ON LANGUAGES. 

The understanding of languages serves for an introduc- 
tion to all the sciences. We thereby come at the know- 
ledge of a great many curious points, with very little trou- 
ble ; for, by this means, all times and countries lie open 
to us. We become in a manner contemporary with all ages, 
and inhabitants of the world; and are qualified to converse 
with the most learned men, who are always at hand, and 
whose ever useful and agreeable conversation enriches the 
mind, and teaches us to make an equal advantage of the 
virtues and vices of mankind. Without the aid of langua- 
ges, all these oracles are dumb to us; and for want of 
having the key, which can admit us to their treasures, we 
remain poor iu the midst of immense riches and interesting 
sciences. 



THE WOLF AND THE LAMB. 

A flock of sheep were grazing, secure from harm, in an 
enclosure ; the dogs were all asleep, and their master was 
playing under a shady elm on his rural pipe with his com- 
panions. 

A wolf, that was half starved, came to the scene to take 
a view of them through the chinks. 
L 2 



114 

A lamb, that was unexperienced, and had never been 
abroad, entered into conversation with him. 

What is it you want here, said he to the wolf? 

Some of this fresh tender grass, replied the wolf. You 
are sensible that nothing is more agreeable than to appease 
one's hunger in a verdant meadow, embroidered with 
flowers, and slake one's thirst at a transparent fountain, I 
rind plenty here both of one and the other ; what can any 
one desire more ? For my part I love philosophy, that 
teaches us to rest contented with a little. 

Is it then true, replied the lamb, that you abstain from 
the flesh of beasts, and that a little grass will satisfy you ? 
If so, let us live like brothers, and graze together. 

Immediately the lamb leaped over the enclosure into the 
meadow, where the grave philosopher tore him in pieces, 
and at once devoured him. 

Always mistrust the smooth tongues of those who boast 
of their own virtue. Form your judgment by their actions. 



THE BEASTS IN COUNCIL ASSEMBLED TO ELECT 
A KING. 

The lion being dead, all the birds aud beasts flocked to 
his den, to condole with the lioness, his royal relict, who 
made the mountains and the forests resound with her loud 
cries. 

After the usual compliments, they proceeded to the 
election of a king : the crown of the deceased monarch 
being placed in the mjtlst of the assembly. His heir ap- 



115 

parent was too young and weak to obtain the royal dignity, 
to which so many creatures, stronger than himself, put in 
their -claim. 

Let me grow up a little, said his highness, and then you 
shall rind that I can fill the throne, and make my subjects, 
tremble in my turn. In the mean time, I'll study the 
heroic actions of my father, in hopes that one day I may 
equal him in glory. 

For my part, said the leopard, I insist on my right to the 
crown, as I resemble the late king more than any other 
candidate whatsoever. 

I, on the other hand, cried the bear, will maintain that 
I had injustice done me, when his late majesty was preferred 
before me ; I am as strong, as undaunted, and blood-thirsty 
as he was ; besides, I am master of an art which he could 
never attain to, I mean that of climbing trees. 

1 appeal, said the elephant, to the judgment of this 
august assembly, if any one here present can with any 
colour boast of being so tall, portly, or robust, so sedate 
as I am. 

I am the noblest, the most beautiful creature of you all, 
said the horse. 

And I the most cunning, said the fox. 

And I the swiftest in running, said the stag. 

Where will you find, said the monkey, a king more 
agreeable, more ingenious, and more entertaining than I 
am ? I shall each day divert my subjects : besides, I am the 
picture of man, who is the lord of the universe. 

The parrot interrupting him, made this speech : Since 
you boast of your likeness to man, I think I may with much 
more justice, AH your resemblance of him consists in your 



116 

ugly phiz, and some ridiculous grimaces ; but I can talk like 
a mau, and imitate his speech, the indication of his rea- 
son, and his greatest ornament. 

Hold your cursed talk, replied the monkey : You talk, 
it is true, but not like man; you chatter the same thing 
over and over again, without understanding one single word 
that you say. 

The whole assembly laughed at these two wretched imi- 
tators of mankind ; and conferred the crown on the ele- 
phant, as he was both strong and wise, and not only free 
from the cruel temper of the beasts of prey, but from the 
vanity and self-conceit which too many are tainted with, 
of always seeming to be what in reality they are not. 



ADVICE TO A YOUNG MERCHANT. 

MY DEAR FRIEND, 

It is with pleasure I hear that you have begun to trade 
for yourself, and that you have taken upon you so great 
and weighty a calling as a merchant. Wherefore I thought 
myself bound, as a sincere friend of yours, to congratulate 
you in your new state and establisment, and to give you 
the best advice I can for the better management of your 
affairs. 

First of all let me admonish you not to be too hasty 
after riches: Solomon says, "he that hastens to be rich, 
shall not be innocent; but poverty shall come upon him. 
Be sure, in the first place, tl^at you fear God and serve 
him incessantly night and day ; and let not your concern 



117 

for this life hinder you of doing your duty towards God. 
He loses nothing who keeps God for his friend. Be not 
too greedy of falling into too much business, for great 
dealings soon make a man either rich or poor. Acquaint 
yourself well with the uncertainty and fading condition of 
outward things, and be strong in faith and hope of eternal 
life ; for merchants run many hazards, chances, and dangers, 
and often undergo great losses ; and if you have not a 
foundation laid up for the life to come, you may possibly 
meet sometimes with such accidents as may make your 
heart tremble. 

Whatsoever you take in hand, or do, be sure to deal 
justly with all men ; for honesty is the best policy. Take 
lieed of smuggling, and rob not the prince of his customs ; 
since many times one pound that way costs ten. Trade not 
in deceitful, unmerchantable, and false wares. Knavery 
may serve for a turn, but honesty is best at long run. Keep 
just weights, equal balances, and lawful measures, for ihV 
gotten goods seldom prosper long. 

Keep a good account of all you receive and pay out in 
the way of trade. Keep your books and accounts exact 
and in good order ; for therein stands the credit of a mer- 
chant. Peruse your books often, and make yourself well 
acquainted with your state of debtors and creditors ; be- 
cause many through neglect of examining closely those 
essential points, have not only been undone, but also 
greatly disgraced. 

Venture no more at one time than what, if you lose, youi 
can by God's blessing bear. Make your adventures in 
many parcels, that if one should fail, the other perhaps 
may help the loss . 



118 

Take heed with whom you trade, and whom you trust. 
There is a great difference between man and man. Therefore 
trust no man, but try him first. Seek not without great 
necessity to be credited of others. He that goes borrow- 
ing goes sorrowing. The more you stand on your own 
bottom, the less care and the more honor you have. Be 
not hasty in surety for any, for many thereby suffer great 
damage. Neither desire any to be surety for you : for one 
good turn deserves another. Do as you would be done by. 

What you have once promised be careful to perform : for 
merchants suffer much by not keeping their word. When 
therefore you have payment to make, provide in time for 
it : and have the sums and days in continual remembrance. 
Samson was a strong man, yet could not pay money before 
he had it. Rely on no other mau to the last for your own 
payments; as you may be disappointed, and endanger your 
own credit. Be careful not to trade above the compass of 
your stock. 

Leave not your business too much to others, but have a 
continual insight of it yourself : for the master's eye makes 
the horse fat. Shun no pains at all. The way to bliss lies 
not on beds of down. No gains without pains. No sweet 
without some sweat. He that labours and strives, spins 
gold. Be not extravagant in every fashion ; yet keep your- 
self neither above your rank, nor. too much below it, 
but in a middling way, so as the conscience may not be 
wounded, if you should fail or fall. Love honor more than 
wealth. When you have gained it, praise God, and re- 
member the poor. Be not prodigal, for that is wasting; 
nor yet niggardly, for that is base. Keep up a noble and 
generous mind, guided by a good understanding. A spa- 



119 

ring man bought the house of the glutton. No alchymist 
is too saving. A penny saved is a penny got. On the con-, 
trary, that penny is (also) well spent which saves a groat. 

Shun and avoid, by all means, bad company and game- 
sters: and among other things women and wine, which 
have been the ruin of many young men. 

Have a certain time of being at home, and miss no man 
if possible at the time appointed. Frequent the exchange 
and places of meeting for merchants ; for absence makes a 
man sometimes suspected. 

Whenever you marry be circumspect in the choice of a 
wife, that she should be endowed with prudence and good 
morals, simple of her dress, and vigilant in her family ; so 
as to deserve the laudable appellation of a good housewife ! 
and thus she will be the better qualified to educate the 
children she may have, in the love and fear of God ! and 
afterwards to give them that liberal education, proportion- 
able to their state and condition. How many worthy men 
in business, that made a fortune by the dint of their industry 
and frugality, have been brought to a low ebb by the levity 
of their wives, who would follow the torrent in all sorts of 
luxury in spite of their husbands, and soon spent it by their 
too much condescension to or foolish fondness for their wives, 
I mean vipers that are destructive to private morals and 
public virtue. Some husbands, out of despair, fall into the 
same excesses; so that when both ends of the house are on 
fire, it cannot tarry long in burning to ashes, 

I say nothing of the disquiets that reign in familieSj and 
sometimes take their source from frivolous causes, or from 
malicious domestic insinuations, to work themselves into the 
good graces of their masters or mistresses out of interested 
views ; a point that should be seriously inspected into. 



120 

If you deal for others, do for them as for yourself: you 
thereby gain friends and reputation. It is commonly 
said, that a friend in the way is as good as a penny in the 
purse. 

When you give or receive advice, be sure it be good, or 
have it altered : and when it is right, follow it punctually, 
and thank the donor. Settle your accounts often with 
your masters and chapmen: for short reckonings make 
long friends. 

There are many other essential points that require care 
and examination, but it is now impossible for me to touch 
on them: time and experience will teach you, and think it 
not strange, if you learn some things through shame and 
loss ; it may be of the greatest importance to the observer, 
as bought wit is the best. 

Should these friendly hints of mine meet with a favour- 
able reception, it will be the greatest pleasure to, 
Sir, 

Your faithful friend, 

N. Serviceable. 



APPENDIX. 

SUNDRY EXAMPLES ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

Een man, a man De man, the man 

Eene vrown, a Woman De vrouw, the woman 

Een kind, a Child Bet kind, the child 

Een boom, a Tree De boom, the tree 

Een plant, a Plant De plant, the plant 

Een dier, an Animal H € t dier, the animal 



121 



Een onder die boeken dot One among those books that 

goed is is good 

De man, daar ik van sprak The man I spoke of 

De vrouw, die hy zag The woman he saw 

Het kind, dat ter schoole The child that goes to school 

gaat 

Het paard, dat ik kocht The horse I bought 

Het huis, dat hy bouwde The hduse he buHt 

Jan en Pieter zyn broeders John and Peter are brothers 

London is eene groote Stad London is a great city 

Kantelberg is de zetel van Canterbury is the seat of an 

een' Aartsbischop Archbishop 

Amsterdam is eene groote Amsterdam is a city of great 

handelstad commerce 

De Vorst Wilhem wierd William the First was born, 

geboren, enz. &c. 

De Koning Jacobus stierf, King James died, &c 

enz* 

De Koningin Anna kwam Queen Anne came to the 

tot de kroon, enz. crown, &c, 

De mensch is een redely k Man is a rational creature 

schepzel 

Het brood 't onderhoud des Bread is the staff of life 

levens 

De naluur is Gods diena- Nature is God's hand-maid 

resse 

Het geld is de lenze, of, het Money commands all 

geld gebied alles 
Het leven is maar een droom Life is but a dream 
De vrede is beitr dan de Peace is better than war 
ooriog 

M 



122 



De schoonheidzonderdeugd 

is maar etn gepleisterd 

grqf 
vergenoeging gaat bo- 

ven rykdom en eer 
Haastige besluiten zyn zel 

den goed 
Het menschelyk leven is ver- 

zelt met gebreken 
Eerampten zyn lastig, en 

rykdom heeft vhugelen 
De tyd gaat ras verby ; be- 

steed dus elk oogenblik 

we I 
Het onderwys f en eene goede 

opvoeding is eene duur- 

zame gift 
De luiheid heeft geen voor- 

spraak, dog veel vrienden 
De vermeerdering der ken- 

nisse, komt door waarne- 

minge van den tyd 
De Vorsten mogen Konin- 

gryken overwinnen ; maar 

niet den dood 
De liefde en de eer willen 

gene meelevryers 
De mensch heeft veel te le- 

ren, maar heeft een korte 

levenstyd 



Beauty without virtue is but 
a painted sepulchre 

Contentment is preferable to 
riches and honour 

Hasty resolutions are seldom 
fortunate 

Human life is inseparable 
from human frailty. 

Honours are burdens, and 
riches have wings 

Hours fly swift away; im- 
prove each moment of the 
day 

Instruction and a good edu- 
cation are a durable for- 
tune 

Idleness hath no advocate, 
but many friends 

Improvement of parts is by 
improvement of time 

Kings may win crowns, but 
cannot conquer death 

Love and honour will bear 

no rivals 
Man has much to learn, but 

a short time to live 



123 



De tegertspoed isde toetsteen 

der waare vriendschap 
De aart verandert zelden 

met de luchslreek 
De eerste wet der naiitur is 

zelfsbehoudenis 
Eene verzuimde gelegen- 

heid board groot berouw 
Van alle verkwuting is die 

des tyds de ergste 
Met nalaten van gced te 

doen, is het kwaad begaan 
De Godsdienst word best 

verstaari) ah men den ZeU 

ven oeffe'nd 
De rykdom diend dm ivy- 

sen, maar regeerd den 

dwazen 
De wraak-oeffening is het 

vermaak alleen van laage 

zielen 
De eigenliefde vleit ons het 

alter me est 
Het vertrouwen is de sterk- 

ste band der maatschappye 
De verwaandheid waakt 

de schoonhe.idverachtelyk 
De zedigheid heeft meer be- 

koorlykheden, dan de 

schoonhcid 
De wysheid overtreft de 



Misfortune is the touchstone 

of friendship 
Nature seldom changes with 

the climate 
Nature's first law is self-pre- 
servation 
Opportunity neglected brings 

severe repentance 
Qf all prodigality, that of 

time is the worst 
Omitting to do good is to 

commit evil 
Religion is best understood 

when most practised 

Riches serve a wise man, 
but rule a fool 

Revenge is a pleasure only 
to a mean spirit 

Self-love is the greatest flat- 
terer in the world 

Confidence is the strongest 
bond of human society 

Vanity makes beauty con- 
temptible 

Modesty has more charms 
than beauty 

Wisdom exceeds folly, as 



124 



dwaesheid, zo ver ah het 

licht de duisternis 
De wegen der wysheid zyn 

wegen van vermaak 
De zonde en het berouw zyn 

onaffcheidelyke medgezel- 

ten 
De kunst word door arleid 

verkregen 
By onderwyst de Spraak- 

kunde, de Welsprekend- 

heid, de Redenkunde, de 

Wyhegeerte, de Godsge- 

leerdheid, de Rechten, de 

Geneeskunde, enz. 
Eene kudde of dreef scha* 

pen 
Een trop of drift ganzen 
Een hoop, eene menigte ha- 

ringen 
Eene vlugt of trop patryzen 
Een honderd stuks vee of 

rundvee 
Een paar handschoenen , dui- 

ven 
Een paar eieren 
Een jok of een koppel ossen 
Een koppel honden, of hd- 

zen, een paar pistolen 
Een dozyn knopen 
Een gros of 12 dozyn 



far as light exceeds dark- 
ness 

Wisdom's ways are ways of 
pleasantness 

Sin and sorrow are insepara- 
ble companions 

Art is gained by industry 

He teaches Grammar, Rhe-» 
toric, ' Logic, Philosophy, 
Divinity, Law, Physic> 



A flock of sheep 

A flock of geese 
A shoal of herrings. 

A covey of partridges 

An hundred head of caftle 

A pair of gloves, of pigeons 

A couple of eggs 

A yoke, or couple of oxen 

A brace of dogs, of hares, 

of pistols 
A dozen of buttons 
A gross 



125 



Een schok, 20 stuks 

Ik was daar voor 8 dagen 

geleden 
Hy zal over 8 dagen hier 

zyn 
Zy zullen Mnnen 1 4 dagen 

komen 

Ik twyfel of zy binnen een 
maand nog wel hier zul- 
len zyn 

H Is 10 uuren 

Het is half een, half 4 

Het is een quartier over 

tween 
Het is quartier voor 5 

't Is 10 minnuten voor 6 
Een koets met 6 paarden 
Ik bemin het lezen 
Gy zyt een brave jongen 
Hy is een naarstig man 
Zy is een tedere moeder 
Het is eenfraai kind, 
Het is een geweldig groot 

dier 
Hy begint te bloeijen 
Hy draagt vruchten in 'tna~ 

jaar 
Wy moeten onxen tyd wel be- 

steden 



A score 

I was there this day se'n- 
night 

He will be here this day 
se'nnight 

They will come within a fort- 
night, or they will come 
this day fortnight. 

I question whether they will 
be here this month yet 

It is ten o'clock 

It is half an hour past twelve, 

past three 
It is a quarter past two 

It is three quarters past four, 
or it wants a quarter of 5 
It wants ten minutes to 6 
A coach and six 
I love reading 
Thou art a brave boy 
lie is a diligent man 
She is a tender mother 
It is a fine child 
It is a huge creature 

It begins to blossom 
It bears fruit in autumn 

We must improve our time 



126 



Gy behorde uwer plicht in- 

dachtig te zyn 
Zy bewcgen zich alien in 

hnnnen eigen kring 
Het is een eerlyk man, eer- 

lyke vrouw 
Het tvaaid, het sneeuwd, het 

regent 
Myn kleine is in slaap 
Ik heb geene kleine meer 
Jongen iverpen ef brengen- 

voort 
Dit is eene goede 
Geev my eenige goede 
JBeide dt kleine en de groote 

syn goed 
Ontferm U myner, hunner, 

harer, zyner 
Gedenk myner, hunner, 

harer, zyner 
Om myns wille, hunner wille, 

harer wille, zyns wille 
Wees myner, hunner, harer, 

zyner, genadig 
Ei lieven ! geeft my tydig 

bericht 
Ik gelaste u zulks te doen 
Uy verzekerde hem van zyne 

achting 
By beminde huar boven ma- 
im 



You should be mindful of 

your duty 
They move all in their own 

sphere 
It is an honest man, woman 

It blows, it snows, it rains 

My little one is asleep 
I have no more little ones 
To bring forth young ones 

This is a good one 
Give me some good one 
Both the little and great 

ones are good 
Have pity on me, theirs, 

his 
Remember me, theirs, his 

For my, their, his sake 

Have mercy upon me, theirs, 

his 
Pray give me timely notice 

I charge thee to do it 

He assures him of his regard 

He loved her exceedingly 



127 



Zy vond het in goeden staal 
By vert el de ons dat hy zo 

gehoord had 
Verzuim niet ons te Jaten 

weten 
Ik zal u by de allererste 

post bericht geven 
Zy bragten hen gestadig 

hunnen plichtjegens God 

en hunne evenmenschen, 

onder 't oog 
Myn vader gaf my eene 

goede opvoeding 
Myne motder had my teder 

lief 
Myne gesladige zorg was 

hun te gehorzamen 
Myne kinder en schikken 

zich ook zeer icel 
Uw broeder herd naarstig 
Uive zuster heeft beminne- 

lyke hocdanigheden 
Hebt alle hoop cp God 
Bestier uwe zaken met be- 

scheidenheid 
Zyn onbevlekte naam maki 

hem over a I geacht 

Zyn yver voor het gemeene 

best, is verb/izend 
Zyne onvermoeidheid in het 

weldoen, is zonder tveerga 



She found it in good order 
He told one that he had 

heard so 
Don't neglect to let us know 

I'll acquaint you by the very 
first mail 

They reminded them con- 
stantly of their duty to- 
wards God and their fel- 
low creatures 

My father gave me a good 
education 

My mother loved me dearly 

My constant care was to 
obey them 

My ehildren prove also very 
dutiful 

Thy brother minds his book 

Thy sister has amiable qua- 
lities 

Have all thy hope in God 

Guide thy affairs with dis- 
cretion 

His unblemished character 
makes him universally 
esteemed 

His zeal for the public good 
is surprisiug 

His unweariness in well-do- 
ing is without parallel 



128 



Zyne onderdanen beschou- 

wen hem, als hunnem ge- 

mynen vader 
Het harte haars mans ver- 

trouwd op haar 
Zy opent bar en mond met 

wysheid; en op hare 

tonge is de leere der goed- 

artigheid 
Hare kinderen staan op, en 

noemen ze welgelukzalig ; 

ook haar man, en hypryst 

haar 
Deszelfs meester is een be- 

kwaam man 
Deszelfs zorg voor zyne te- 

derejongen is verbazend 
Dez&elfs smaak is keurlyk 
Naar zyn staat leven 

Meer dan een middel am 
zich te redden weien 

Men moet zyn teering schik- 
ken naar zyn neering 

Ons land, alhoewel niet zeer 
uitgestrekt, is een der 
schdonste plekken van de 
weereld 

Onze rivieren zyn veelen, en 
overal bevaarbaar 



His subjects look upon him 
as their common parent 

Her husband's heart doth 
safely trust in her 

She openeth her mouth with 
wisdom ; and in her tongue 
is the law of kindness 

Her children rise up, and call 
her blessed ; her husbaud 
also, and he piaiseth her 

Its master is a very able 

man 
Its care for its helpless young 

is astonishing 
Its taste is very delicious 
To live according to one's 

estate 
To have two strings to one's 

bow 
One ought to cut one's coat 

according to one's cloth 
Our country, though of no 

great extent, is one of the 

finest spots in the world 

Our rivers are many, and 

every where navigable 
Our situations such, as to be 



129 



eene voorraadschuure fe 

zyn voor andere volken 
Een voordeel, dat weinege 

onzer nabuuren bezitten 
Uw zoon gedroeg zich zeer 

bescheiden 
Uwe dochter gaf hem niets 

vooruit 
Uw huisschynt wel gebouwd 

te zyn 
Uwe dnnstboden zyn alle 

zeer bezadigd 
Hunne rechts-zaak is nog 

niet beslist 
Hun beroep is zo goed ah 

Huwe 
Hunne waaren zullen spoe~ 

dig aan den man zyn 
Deze boom is de myne, de 

uwe, de zyne, de hare, de 

onze, de uwe, de hunne, of 

de hare 
Dese bloem is de myne, de 

uwe, de zyne, de hare, de 

onze t de uwe, de hunne, of 

de hare 
Dit boek is het myne, het 

uwe, het zyne, het hare, 

het onze, het uwe, het 

hunne, of 't hare 
Deze bomen zyn de myne, 



a store-house to other na- 
tions 

An advantage few of our 
neighbours possess 

Your son behaved very dis- 
creetly 

Your daughter was not be- 
hind hand with him 

Your house seems to be well 
built 

Your servants are all very 
sedate 

Their law-suit is still de- 
pending 

Their calling is as good as 
yours 

Their wares will soon be dis- 
posed of 

This tree is mine, thine, his 
hers, ours, yours, or theirs 



This flower is mine, thine, 
his, hers, ours, yours, or 
theirs 

This book is mine, thine, 
his, hers, ours, yours, or 
theirs 

These trees are mine, thine, 



ISO 



de uwe, de zyne, de hare, 

de onze, de uwe, dehunne, 

of de hartr 
Deze bloemen zyn de myne, 

enz. 
Deze boeken zyn de myne, 
Wiens huis is dill 
Wiens boeken zyn deze ? 
Een myner, uwer, zyner, 

harer, onzer, uwer, hun- 

ner t of harer vrienden, 

zeide my dat, 
Ik was gewoon alle morgen 

ten zes uuren op te staan 
Eenyder kanfeiUn 
lets, wat het &ok %y, U doer 

voor voldoende 
Menig von dien zal genoeg 

zyn 
Zo hy maar ergens is 
Doet het maar op eenige 

wyze zo als gy gelieft 
Sommige doen het op de eene 

manier, en andere op eene 

andere 
In dit vergangkelyk leven 

zal *er aitoos iets ontbre- 

ken 
Ik hoorde iemand zeggen 
Op iemand vergramd zyn 
Hoe zal men het doen? 



his, hers, ours, yours, or 
theirs 

These flowers are mine, &c. 

These books are mine 
Whose house is this ? 
Whose books are these ? 
A friend of mine, of thine, of 

his, of hers, of ours, of 

yours, of theirs, told me 

that 
I was used to rise every 

morning at six o'clock 
Every man is faulty 
Any thing will do 

Any of them will suffice 

If he be but any where 
Do it but any way you 

please 
Some will do it one way, and 

others another 

Something will always be 
wanting in this transitory 
life 

I heard one say 

To be angry with one 

How shall one do it ? 



m 



Naar wensch, of zo ah men 

't hebben wilde 
Zy zyn beide myne vrienden 
Ik hoorde het van btiden 
Niemand heeft voit dierge- 

lyks gehoord 
Is 'er niemand under s? 
Geene dan die welke ik 

noemde, ofgenoemdhebbe 
Geen van hun is uw vriend 
Wer ook ergenseene kamer 

1e huurl 
Een van btiden zal onze ga~ 

ding zyn 
Geen van beiden zal voldoen 
Ik heb andere benden gezon~ 

den 
Ik heb deselve benden niet 

gezonden t maar anderen 
Hy is geheel een ander man 
De menschen behoorden 

malkanderen niet te haa- 

ten, maar te beminnen 
Het kost my door malkan- 

der 
Wanneer gy oyit menschen 

ontmoet tot ondeugd ge- 

neigd, van zodaanigen 
onttreck u 
Zander dat uw gedrag zg- 
danig zy alsaan redely ke 



As one would have it 

Both of them are my friends 
I heard it from both 
No-body ever heard the like 

Is there no-body else ? 
None but those I mention- 
ed 
None of them is your friend 
Is there ever a room to let ? 

Either of them will serve our 

turn 
Neither of them will satisfy 
I have sent other troops 

I have not sent the same 

troops, but others 
He is quite another man 
Men should not hate, but 

love one another 

It costs me one with another 

Whenever you meet with 
men viciously Inclined, 
from such withdraw 

Without your conduct be 
such as becomes a ra- 



132 



wezens betaamt, zult gy 

geeri troost erlangen 
Ik heb nooit een zodanigen 

gezien 
*Er zyn maar weinigen die 

hunnen tyd wel besteden 
Maar veelen, die hem kwa- 

lyk of te vergeefs door- 

brengen 
Het is de zelve man, dien ik 

gisteren zag 
Het is de zelve vrow welke 

hy hoorde zeggen 
Het is dai zelve boeck dat 

zy gekocht heeft 
Het zyn de zelve mannen, 

vronwen, enkinderen, die 

in H veld war en 
H Is juist de zelve of het 

zelve 
9 1 Is een en het zelve 
Den zelfden dag ging ik 

naar, enz. 
Zelfs ik de eigen of onver- 

deelde persoon 
Die zelfde zaak juist verhief 

hem tot eere 
De God desvredes zelve hei~ 

lige u gehecl en al 
Ja de haairen zelve uwes 
hoofds zyn alle geteld 



tional being, you will have 
no comfort 
I never saw such a one 

There are but few that 
spend their time well 

But many that spend it ill, 
or to no purpose 

It is the same man I saw 

yesterday 
It is the same woman he 

heard say 
It is the same book that she 

bought 
They are the same men, 

women, and children, that 

were in the fields 
It is the very same 

It is one and the same 
The self- same day I walk- 
ed to, &c. 
Even I, the self- same man 

The very self-same thing 
raised him to honour 

The very God of peace, 
sanctify you wholly 

Nay, the very hairs of your 
head are all numbered 



13S 



Hy is een waar afbeeldsel 

van zyn vader 
Deze zelfde of eigenste man 

verhalde my 
Deze zelfde of zelve vrouw 

vroeg my 
Dit zelve of zelfde kind 

ktvam by my 
Dat is de zelve of de rechte 

man of vrouw, totwelken, 

of tot welke ik sprak 
Dat is juist het zelve ding, 

dat ik verloren heb 
Hy is een rechte pluimstry- 

ker of plasdank-zoeker 
Hy is de grootste vuilik, 

schelm, dien ik ooit ge- 

xien heb 

-Hy let op de allerminste mis- 

s la gen 
Dit is een van de allerbeste 
Mist niet hiervan tydige 

kennis te geven 
Daarvan mag men wel try- 

moediglyk zeggen 
Waarvan ik voor zeker kan 

bevestigen 
Hier by zult gy ontvangen 
Daardoor icier d ik ver zeker d 
Waarby ik uw antwoord be- 

kwam 



He is the very picture of his 

father 
This very man told me 

This very woman asked me 

This very child came to me 

This is the very man, the 
very woman I spoke to 

That is the very thing which 

I lost 
He is a very sycophant, or 

flatterer 
He is the veriest villain, 

rogue, I ever saw 

He takes notice of the very 

least blunders 
This is one of the very best 
Hereof, fail not to give time- 
ly notice 
Thereof one may venture to 

say 
Whereof I can positively 

affirm 
Hereby yon 11 receive 
Thereby I was assured 
Whereby I got your answer 



134 



Hierop zeide hy my 
Daarop gaf ik gten ant- 

woord 
Waarop hy staande Meld 

Hier omtrent, denk ik dat 

Y hy woont 

Daar omtrent is zyn woon- 

plaatsy of de somme 
Hier in dacht ik, moet nood- 

wendigeenige doling steken 

Daarin wierd ik bygespron- 

gen door 
Waarom ik goed oordeelde 
Hiermede vetwittige ik u 

Daarmede scheen by gerust 
tezyn 

Waarmede ik dit moeielyk 
stuk eindige 

Wanneer gaat de Koning 
naar Haneverl Hy ver- 
treckt den idtn July, en 
keert weder den 9den Au- 
gustus 

Ik schryf 

Hy leest, of is aan 't lezen 

Zy sterft 

Wy komen 

Gy doet eene goede daad 

Zyjagen 

Ik gaa, of ik vtrtrek 



Hereupon he told me 
Thereupon, or thereon, I 

made no reply 
Whereupon, or whereon he 

asserted 
Hereabout I think he lives 

Thereabout is his residence, 

or the sum 
Herein, I thought, must 

needs be some error 

Therein I was seconded 

by 

Wherefore I thought proper 
Herewith I give you intelli- 
gence 
Therewith he seemed to be 

easy 
Wherewith I finish this dit* 

ficult part 
When does the King go to 
Hanover ? He sets out 
the second of July, and 
returns the ninth of Au- 
gust 
He is reading 
I am writing 
She is dying 
We are coming 
You are doing a good action 
They are hunting 
I am going 



135 



Hy bedelt, of hy verzoekt 

of smeekt 
Die eigenste zaak word op 

dit oogenblik ter uitvoerge- 

bragt 
Het boek word nu gedrukt 
Het kcper word gesmeed 
Ik bemin 

Hy werkt, ofhy isaan 't werk 
Hy is aan H middagmaal 
Zy spelen met de kaart 
Ziet gy dat? 
Bemin t zy u? 
Benadeelen wy hen % 
Staat het hun ami 1 
Hoe mart gy ? 
Hoe vaart zy 1 
Kent myn Heer u ? 

Houdde oorlog aan\ 

Ik ken hem niet 

Hy zegt dat nut 

Zy tellen of achien hem niet 

Wy geven 'er niet om 

Zy zegt my uwe boo ds chap 

of commissie niet 
Ik twiffel niet of ik zat u 

met hrieven overladen 
Ik twyffel niet of hy zal 

komen 
Hinder ik u niet! 



He is begging 

That very thing is just now 
doing 

The book is now printing 

The brass is forging 

I am in love 

He is at work 

We are at dinner 

They are cards 

Do you see that ? 

Does she love! 

Do we hurt them % 

Do they like it? 

How do you do? 

How does she do? 

Does Mr. such a one know 

you? 
Does the war continue? 
I do not know him 
He does not say so 
They do not mind him ■ 
We don't care for it 
You don't tell me yoU» 

message 
I don't fear but I shall cloy 

you with letters 
I don't doubt but he'll 

come 
Don't I disturb you? 



136 



Plaagt zy hem niet? 

Voldoet u dat niet 1 

Kent haar Mejufvrouw die 

nietl 
Komen zy u nu en dan niet 

bezoeken ? 
Ziet gy gindsehe alcelige 

vlakte ? den zetel der droef 

hied, van lie lit ontbloot 



Does not she teaze him ? 
Does not that satisfy you? 
Does not Mrs. such a one 

know her? 
Don't they come and see 

you now and then r 
Seestthou yon (freary plain? 

the sear of desolation, 

void of lieht 



Uelaas! zy weetniet watze doet Alas! she knows not what 



of zegt 
Is de Heer N. te huh? 
Is Mejufvrouw N. niet te huis? 
Zy is nog met* op, of by de hand 
Komt uw broeder ? 
Zy komen nog niet 
Wat doet gy ? 
Ik dee niets 
Waar spreekt hy van' 1 . 
Hy praat ncrgens van 

Ik las uwen brief, toen hy 

kwam 
Ik iverkte. terwyl gy speelde 

Ik scureef teen gy inkwaant 

Ik sprak van hem, toen hy 

verscheen 
Ik las uwen brief, toen hy 

weg ging 



she does or says 
Is Mr. N. within? 
Is not Mrs. N. within ? 
She is not stirring yet? 

Is your brother coming ? 
They are not coming yet 
What are you doing ? 
I'm not doing any thing 
What is he talking of? 
He is not talking of any 

thing 
I read your letter when he 

came in 
I worked whilst you were 

at play 
I was writing when you 

came in 
I was talking of him, when 

he appeared 
I was reading your letter 
when he went away 



137 



In die dagen beminde ik het In those days Iloved travel- 

reizen zeer, en schepte 'er ing mightily, and took 

groot vermaak in great delight in it 

Ik ging gisieren naar de kerk I went yesterday to church 
Ik was voor veertien dagen te I was a fortnight ago at 

Vlissingen Flushing 

Hy kwam onlangs van Rys- He came t'other day from 

seh of hy is onlangs van Lisle 

Ryssel gekomen 
Zy weird op een zo een dag She fell sick such a day 

ziek 
Alexander de dood van Da- 

rius vernemende^ beween- 

de hem 



Alexander, hearing of Da- 
rius' s death, wept for him 



In myne jtugd voerde my 

de nieuwsgierigheid naar 

Rome alivaar ik wat ver- 

bleef 
Ik keb hem zo even zien 

voorby gaan 
Wy hebbtn hen dezen avond 

op de gemene wandelwe- 

gen ontmoet 
Zy hebbtn er my dezen mor- 

gen van gesproken 
Ik heb dien man nooit te vo- 

ren g<zien 
Ik keb htm altoos bemind 
Hy hetft hem altoos vriende- 

Jyk bejegend 
Ik zeg u, dat ik het hem I say, I did return it to him 
n2 



In my youth curiosity car- 
ried me to Rome, where I 
made some stay 

I saw him go by just now 

or a moment ago 
We met them this evening 

in the public walks 

They told me of it this 

morning 
I never saw that man before 

I always loved him 

He ever treated him kindly* 



138 



gisteren weder ter hand 
gesteld heb 
Zy ging zekerlyk te vroeg 

weg 
Gy hebt my zulks aangera- 

den 
Door zyne verzinning was 

hy hun alien te slim 
Hebt gy hem gevonden en 

met het gesproken ? 
Hoe.zyn ze daar mtde te 

werk gegaan 1 
Waarom is zy niet eerder ge- 
*" komen? 

Is uw vriend met hem daar 
niet in overeen gekomen ? 
Heb ik niet gezegd dat het 

dus gebeuren zou ? 
Jk zag u niet 
Zy heejt u zekerlyk dat niet 

gezegd 
Hy had zekerlyk geen oog- 
merk om haar te beledigen 
Zy geliefden niet in te ko- 
men 
Ik heb dikmaals aan u ge- 

dacht 
Wy hebben hun meer dan 
eens ever het gevaar daar 
ze in zyn f onderhouden 
Gy zyt een geruimen tyd 



yesterday 

She did certainly go away 

too soon 
You did advise me to do it 

He did, by his contrivance, 

outwit them all 
Did you find him, and did 

you speak with him ? 
How did you go about it ? 

Why did she not come 

sooner ? 
Did not your friend and he 

agree about it? 
Did I not say it would fall 

out so ? 
I did not see you 
She did not surely tell you 

so 
He did not certainly mean to 

affront her 
They did not choose to come 

in 
I have often thought of you 

We have told them more 
than once of the dange r 
they are in 

You have been quite a stran- 



139 



ganisch vreemd by ons ger to us these many days 



Ik heb 'er mede gedaan 
Hy heeft den Koning gezien 
Wy hebben uwe gezondheid 

gedronken 
Hy heeft zyn wezk ter druk- 

pers gegeven 
Zy heeft het zo even geein- 

digd 
Zy hebben hem heden, deze 
week, deze maand, dit 
jaar, in langen iyd niet 
gezien 
Hebt gy hem onlangs, dit 
jaargety, dezen zomer, de- 
zen herfst, enz. ontmoet ? 
Op wat wyze heb ik deze 
behandeling aan u ver- 
diend 1 
Wat heeft zy niet gedaan om 

u te behagen ? 
Hebt gy te Versailles ge- 

weest, myn Herm 1 
Ja, mynHeer! 
Zaagt gy daar den Koning 
en de Koning tyke Fami- 
lie? 
Wat hebt gy dezen gant- 
schen morgen uitgevoerd ? 
Ik heb tot myne eigene be- 



I have done with it 

He has seen the King 

We have drunk your health 

He has given his perform- 
ance to the press 
She has just finished it 

They have not seen him to- 
day, this week, this month, 
this year, this long time 

Have you met with him late- 
ly, this season, this sum- 
mer, this autumn, kc. ? 

How have I deserved this 
treatment at your hands ? 

What has she not done to 

please you ? 
Have you been at Versailles, 

Gentlemen ? 
Yes, Sir ! 

Did you see the King there, 
and the Royal Family? 

What have you been doing 
. all this morning 3 
I have been making extracts 



140 



vordering uittrekzeh ge- 

maakt 
Hyheeft zich dien gantschen 

tyd met beuzelingen op- 

gehouden 
Hoe lang hebben zy hem 

deze zaak verzogt 
Zy hebben zedert verscheide 

maanden dlle middelen 

die zy maar bedenken kon- 

den, in H werk gesteld 
Wy hebben te paard gere- 

den orn ons te verluchten 
Ik had myn zaak verricht 

eer gy kwaamt 
Gy had htm niet gezien 

toen gy aan my schreeft 
Toen hy zyn gesprek geein- 

digd had, stond het Par- 

lement op 
Wy hadden 9 zo ras de za- 

ken niet vereffend, of de 

Partyen geraakten wede- 

rom over -ho op 
Na dat ik het gedaan had, 

verdween hy 
Na dat ik tivee vohlagen 

uuren op ham gewacht 

had, kwam hy : ik vroeg 

hem met welke btuzelin* 

gen hy zich toch opgehoi^ 



for ray own improvement 

He has been all this while 
amusing himself with tri- 
fles. 

How long have they been 
soliciting this affair ? 

They have been these seve- 
ral months trying all the 
methods they could think 
of 

We have been taking the air 
on horseback. 

I had done my business be- 
fore you came. 

You had not seen him when 
you writ to me 

When he had ended his- 
speech, the Parliament 
rose 

We had no sooner adjusted 
matters, but the Parties 
fell out afresh 

After I had done it, he dis- 
appeared 

After I had been waiting for 
him two full hours, he 
came : 1 asked him what 
he had been trifling about, 
to make me stay so long : 



HI 



den had, om my zo long 
te doen wachten : hy zeide 
my, dat hy eenige vrien- 
den onihaald had, van 
ivelken hy met veel moeite, 
zo even was gescheiden 
Wy hadden zyne ttrugkomst 
lang verwacht 

Toen ik hy hun kivam, vond 
ik, dat zy gesprek hadden 
gehad over de Grieksche 
en Latynsche Dichters 

Wat had gy toch tot hem 
gezegd, dat hy zo drif- 
tig wierd? 

Tk zal hem waarschynlyk 
morgen zien 

Wy zullen niet tydig genoeg 
gereed zyn 

Gy zult hem daar vinden 

Gy, of gyl zult 'er niet veel 
by winnen 

Hy zal door dat middtlzyn 
geluk maken 

Uyzal vooraanslaande iveek 
niet komen 

Zy of zyl. zullen ons kwel- 
len 

Het zal regenen 

Htt zal niet donderen 

Daar zal geraas over wezen 



he told me he had been 
entertaining some friends, 
whom he had just broken 
from with much ado 



We had been long expecting 
his return 

When I came up to them, I 
found they had been talk- 
ing of the Greek and La- 
tin Poets 

What had you been saying 
to him to put him in such 
a passion ? 

I shall probably see him to- 
morrow 

We shall not be ready time 
enough 

You will find hira there 
You will not get much by it 

He will make his fortune by 

that means 
She will not come before 

next week 
They will torment us 

It will rain 

It will not thunder 

There will be noise about it 



142 



Dal zal nooit gebeuren 
Ik zal zonder fout by u ko- 

men 
PVy zuilen zulke losse voor* 

waarden niet onderschry- 

ven, dat verzeker ik u 
Indien gy wel doet, zult gy 

beloond worden 
Indien hy naar my niet wil 

horen, zo zal hy gestraft 

worden 
Gyzult haar myn antwoord 

brengen 
Wy zuilen syne bevelen niet 

uitvoeren*, zo ze het 

doen, zuilen ze myn on* 

genosgen geu*aar wor~ 

den 
Gy zitlt my in alles stiptelyk 

gehoorzamen 
Ik wil of versta dat gy my 

gehoorzaamd 
Niets zal aan haar onthaal 

ontbrekcn 
Ik zal zorg dragen, dat 

alles in gereedhdd zy y 

voor, enz. 
Het zal regenen op de aarde 

veertig dagen en veertig 

nachten, en H gantsche 

menschdom zal vergaan 



That will never happen 

I will wait upon you without 
fail 

We will not subscribe to such 
loose conditions, I war- 
rant you 

If thou dost well, thou shalt 
be rewarded 

If he will not mind me, he 
shall be punished 

You shall carry her my an- 
swer 

They shall not execute his 
orders; if they do, they 
shall feel my resentment 



You ghall punctually obey 

me in every thing 
I will have you obey me 

Nothing shall be wanting for 
her reception 

I will take care, that every 
thing be in readiness, for, 
&c. 

It shall rain upon the earth 
forty days and forty nights, 
and all mankind shall pe- 
rish 



143 



Hemel en aarde zullen voor- 

by gaan ; maar myne 

woorden zullen niet voor- 

by gaan 
Zal ik de eere hebben, mor- 

gen met u te middagma- 

len? 
En zultgy my toelaten, my~ 

nen vriend mede Ic bren- 

genl 
Zullen wy geene party ma- 

hen, om morgen ergens te 

gaan ? 
En zult gy ons met uw ge- 

zelschap niet vereeren ? 
Zal hy homen 1 
Zal hy homen ? 
Zal deze brief gaan 9 zo ah 

hy is ? 
Wilt gy dat deze brief gaat 

zo ah hy isl 
Zullen deze goederen aan- 

stonds verhocht) of zullen 

ze g eh ou den w or den t 
Wilt gy dat deze goederen 

aanstonds verkocht, of 

wilt gy dat ze bewaard 

worden ? 
Zullen deze goederen ver- 
kocht, of zullen ze be- 
waard worden ? 



Heaven and earth shall pass 
away; but my words shall 
not pass away 

Shall I have the honour of 
dining with you to-mor- 
row ? 

And will you let me bring 
my friend along with me ? 

Shan't we make a party, to 
go somewhere to-morrow I 

And won't you favour us 

with your company ? 
Will he come ? 
Shall he come ? 
Shall this letter go as it is ? 

Will you have this letter go 
as it is ? 

Shall these goods be sold off- 
hand, or shall they be 
kept 

Will you have these goods 
sold off hand, or will 
you have them kept? 

Will these goods be sold* or 
will they be kept ? 



144 



Zal het van daag regenen ? 

Denkt gy dot het hedtn re- 
genen zal 1 . 

Ik zal doen met het myne, 
wat my bchaagd: wie zal 
my zulks behtten ? 

Alwaar het woord eens Ko- 
nings is, daar is magt; 
en wie zal zeggen wat doet 

Wie zal het heslissen wan* 

neer de Gelleerden niet 

overeenkomen ? 
Wat mensch zal den wil eens 

wreedarLs durven weer- 

staan 1 
Na dat ik in deze stad ge- 

daan heb, zal ik my naar 

rnyn landgoed begeven 
Zo ras hy komt, laat my 

zulks weten 
Jk verzoek myne eerbied 

aan Mevrouw, wanneer 

gy haar ziet 
Wanneer zal ik voor u iver- 

ken\ 
Wanneer zal deze man de ty- 

ding zenden die hy ons be- 

loofd heeft ? 
Wanneer zult gy eens nit- 



Will it rain to-day ? 

Do you think it will rain to- 
day ? 

I will do what 1 please with 
what belongs to me; who 
shall hinder me ? 

Where the word of a king is, 
there is power ; and who 
shall say what dost thou ? 

Who shall decide when doc- 
tors disagree? 

What man shall dare oppose 
a tyrant's will . ? 

After I have done in this 

town, I will retire into the 

country 
The moment he comes, send 

me word 
Present my respects to my 

lady when you see her 

When shall I work for you ? 

When will this man send the 
new r s ke promised us? 

When will you leave offteaz- 



115 



scheiden van een ieder met 
uwe twist gedingen tepla- 
gen 1 
Zaluwzoon morgen komenl 

Zaluw zoonmorgen komenl 

Zal ik dit doen 1 

Ja, zo gy wilt cf belief t 

Hy al teg en dien tyd terug 
gekomen zyn 

Gy zult geavondmaald heb* 
ben, eer wy komen 

Ik zal my n werkgedaan heb- 
hen ah gy 't uwe btgint 

Zullen wy altoos beraadsla- 
gen 9 en nooit ter uitvoer- 
ing komen 1 

Zy hebben in hunne eevste 
pogiag gemist, teat zul- 
len ze nu gaan verzinnen ? 

Zy zal o?is altyd niet kwel- 
len 

Ik zou my zelven branden, 
zo ik hier niet van daan 

S in S 
Wy zouden niet welonthaald 
worden, zo we te laat 
kwamen 



ing every body with your 
law-suits? 

Will your son come to-mor» 

row ? 
Shall your son come to-mor- 
row ? 
Shall I do this? 
Yes, if you will, or if you 

please 
He will be returned by that 

time 
You will have supped, before 

we shall come 
I shall have done my work, 

when you begin yours 
Shall we ever be consulting, 

and shall we never come 

to execution ? 
They have failed in their 

first attempt ; what will 

they be contriving next ? 
She shall not always be teaz- 

ing us 
I should burn myself, if I did 

not stir from hence 

We should not be well re- 
ceived, if we came too 
late 



14G 



Al riepen ivy fiaar, zo zoude 

zy echler niet antwoorden 
Deze dingen zouden niet ge- 

bturen, by aldien behoor- 

lyke maatregelengenomen 

wierden 
Het zou tyd verspillen zyn s 

met haar te slaan redeiu 

twist en 
Indien gy uw doelwit niet 

Jcwaamt te bereiken, zo 

zoude het u spy ten 
D ie stap zou u vangeen gro- 

ten dienst zyn 
Ik zou Uever werken dan be* 

delen, als in werk kon vin- 

den 
Indien gy myner zorge 

ivaard aanbevoleti, zo zoud 

gv nicer moeite nemen, dan 

gy doet 
Indien ik lets te zeggen had, 

zo zou* hy het niet 
... dcen 
De vo :-e vre- 

die, Anligonus aangebo- 

den, wuren dczc : dat 
AzUnd. - .zoude 

dat ky het Kg- 
ningryk Syrien zoude heb- 
Gen dat hy alle de sche- 



Though we should call her, 
she would not answer 

These things would not hap- 
pen, if proper measures 
were taken 

It would be losiug time, to 
stand arguing with her 

If you should miss your aim, 
it would vex you 

That step would be of no 
service to you 

I would work rather than 
beg, if I could find busi- 
ness 

If yon were under my care ? 
you should take more 
. pains than you do 

If I had any thing to say, he 
should not do it 

The conditions of the peace 
offered to Antigonus.were 
e : that Asia, should 
belong to the , Roman : 
that lie should have the 
kingdom of Syria ; that he 
should deliver up to them 



1.47 



pen, gevemgenen en over- 
lopers zon' over lever en: en 
dat hy den Romeinen alle 
de oorlogskosien zou ver- 
goeden 

Indien hy he eft ivaf no o dig 
is, hehoordehy vergenoegd 
tezyn 

Wy behoorden door de mis- 
slagen van anderen, onze 
eigene leren verbeteren 

Gy behordttiedenkeneergy 
spreekt, en te onderzoeken 
ecr gy yerbordeeld 

Ikmoet mynen pligt betracli- 
ten 

Hy moest het al voor lang 
gedaan hebben 

Wy behooren onzen naasien 
lief te hebben 

Gy behoord God te vrezen 

De menschen behoorden niet 
over de Voorzienigheid te 
klagen> vmnneer zy door 
hunne eigen sckidci ly~ 
den 

Gy dtnk? djJkwyler a an het 
geene gy rqog.t A dan aan 
iv at gy behoordel gedaan 
te hebben 

Gy behoordet dus niei ge- 
daan ie hebben 



all the ships, prisoners, and 
deserters : and that he 
should restore to the Bo- 
mans all the charges of the 
war 
if he has what is necessary, 
he should be content 

We should learn hy others 
faults to mend our own 

You should think before you 
speak, and (examine be- 
fore you condemn 

I ought to do my duty 

He ought to have done it 
long ago 

We ought to love our neigh- 
bour 

You ought to fear God 

Men ought not to complain 
of Providence, when they 
surfer by their own faults 

You oftener think what you 
might, than what you 
ought to have done 

You should not have done 
so 



148 



Hy denkt dat zy moesten be- 

loond geworden zyn 
Dat behoorde al voor lang 

gedaan geweest te zyn 
Ik moest u daar van gezegd 

hebben 
Ik zou 1 het niet geloofd 

hebben, zo gy 'er my niet 

van overtuigd had 
Tngeval gy haar gevraagd 

had, zo zov? zy het u be- 

kend hebben 
Het zou u niet veel gekost 

hebben, al had gy het on- 

dtrnomen 
Wy zouden 'er ondank by 

behaald hebben, zo wy 

anders gehandeld hadden 
Zy zouden gaarne willen 

reizen; indien 'tjargety 

zulks toeliet 
Ik zoiC dezen ganschen mor- 

gen gehzen hebben in- 

dien ik niet ver hinder d 

zvare geworden 
Zy zouden zich game met 

die zaak bemoeid hebben, 

indien zy gedurfd had* 

den 
Gy behoordet aan dit ge~ 



He thinks they ought to 

have been rewarded 
That should have been done 
long since 

I should have told you of 
it 

I should not have believed it, 
if you had not convinced 
me of it 

In case you had asked her, 
she would have owned it 
to you 

It would not have cost you 
much, tho' you had under- 
taken it 

We should have been bla- 
med if we had acted 
otherwise 

They would fain be travel- 
ling, if tiie season would 
permit 

I would have been reading 
all this morning if I had 
not been interrupted 

They would fain have been 
meddling with that mat- 
ter, if they had dared 

You should have been work- 



149 



werkt te hebben, inplaats 
van uw > tyd met dat te 
verleutereii 

Hy wilde hebben, dat ik 
met hem ging 

Zyn meester ivilde hebben 
dat hy zyne sludien zou 
beirachten 

Ik wilde hebben, dat gy uw 
beroep waarnaamt, en gy 
zeidtt my zulks te zulhn 
doen, mits ik u wilde hel- 
pen 

Indien ikhen hadivillen be- 
minnen, zo zouden zy my 
bemind hebben 

Indien ik hem had willen ge- 
loven, zo zoude hy my tot 
wonderlyke dingen over- 
reed hebben 

Zo gy myne pogingen 
haddet willen cndtrsteu- 
nen, zouden wy geslaagd 
hebben 

Julius Cesar ivilde gaar- 
ne Koning geweesi heb- 
ben 

Laat my dat zun 

La at hy zich zelven redden 
zogoed ah hy kan 



ing at this, instead of 
trifiing with that 

He would have me go along 

with him 
His master would have him 

mifid his studies 

I would have you follow 
your business ; and you 
told me you would, pro-_ 
vided I would help you 

If I would have loved them, 
they would have loved me 

If I would have believed 
him, he would have per- 
suaded me to strange things 

If you would have seconded 
my efforts, we might have 
succeeded 

Julius Caesar would fain have 
been a King 

Let me see that 
Let him shift for hinnelf as 
well as he can 



o 2 



150 



Laat de wysheid alle uwe 

g an gen bestieren 
Laat ons vrienden zyn 
Laat de menschen, indien 

ze zoeken recht gelukkig 

te zyn, naar de stemme 

der rede horen 
Laat hen de geboden, hun 

door de Godlyke Voor- 

zienigheid geopenbaard, 

in acht nemen 
Ziet maar, of kykt slechts, 
Spreekt maar, cf gebied 

maar 
Zegt my maar hoe het is 
Zegt my dat nooit 
Valt my nooit lastig met 

zulke zotte dingen 
Blaft nooit, dan wanneer 

gy hunt by ten 
Ontkent het nooit 
Schroomd nooit, of maakt 

7 er nooit zwaarigheid in 
Al warehy nog zo loos 
Al hadde ik nog zo veel 

vrienden 
Al ware de zaak nog zo 

moeijelyk 
Al sprak ik nog zo dikwils 

tot hen zy zullen my met 

gehoorzaamen 



Let wisdom guide you in zW 

your steps 
Let us be friends 
Let men hearken to the 

voice of reason, if they seek 

to be truly happy 

Let them follow the pre- 
cepts revealed to them by 
Divine Providence 

Do but see 

Do but speak the word 

Do but tell me how it is 

Never tell me that 

Never trouble me with such 

stuff 
Never bark but when you 

can bite 
Never deny it 
Never stick at it 

Let him be ever so cunning 

Let me have ever so many- 
friends 

Let the matter be ever so 
difficult 

Let me speak to them ever 
so often, they wit! not 
obey me 



151 



Indien gy uw doeiwit mis- 
tet zo zou het u spy ten 

Mits dat ik in myne onder- 
neming 

Ten zy dat zy my bemind 

In gevat hy hem niet vind, 
zo moet hy op hem wach- 
ten 

I ivilde dat gy wist 

Hy ivitde, dat hy dit deed 

Ik mag het doen 

Ik lean het doen 

Mag ik etne gunst van u 
zerzoeken ? 

Kuntgy my die vriendsckap 
doen ? 

Mag ik u eene vraag doen ? 

Kunt gy my deze vraag 
niet beantwoorden ? 

Schoon gy het gevaar mogt 
vowzien ; nogtans mogt 
gy, noch mischien kunt gy 
geenj middel vinden, om 
3 t te vermyden 

Men mensch mag misschien 
trapsgewyze zeer vele 
zwarigheden overwinnen, 
schoon hy ze niet alien 
eensklaps lean overwinnen 

Ik magy ik kan, en ik wil 
het doen 



If you should miss your aim, 

it would vex you 
Provided 1 do succeed in my 

attempt 
Unless she do love me 
In case he do not find him, 

he must wait for him 

I would have you know that 

He would have him do this 

I may do it 

I can do it 

May 1 ask a favour of yon ? 

Can you do me that kind- 
ness ? 

May I ask you a question } 

Can't you answer me this 
question ? 

Tho' you may foresee the 
danger, yet you may not, 
nay, perhaps cannot fimd 
means to avoid it 

A man may conquer a great 
many difficulties by de- 
grees, although he cannot 
conquer them all at once 

I may, I can, I will do it 



152 



Ik kan het vens'er uitsprin- 

gen, maar ik mag nlet 
Indien gy de vtr::oc!:ing niet 

hunt weerstaan, zo moogt 

gy ze vermyden 
Ik kan '4 mis hebben 
Het kan zo zyn 
Het kan tot ww voordeel uit- 

v alien 
Kan het zelfde in dit geval 

niet gebeuren? 
Hy kan lezen en schryven 
Dit kan ?iiei tegengespro- 

ken worden 
Ik kan het nergens vin- 

den 
Doet wat gy kunt, of het 

best gy kunt 
Kunt gy niet zivygen 

5 Er kan niets meer van ge- 

zegd worden 
Ik kan de dolligheid van 

zulk eene handelvjyze niet 

begrypen ; ik geloof dat 

zy hurt ver stand verloren 

hebben 
Ik konde het niet doen, niet- 

tegensiande alle tnyne 

pogingen 



I can leap out of the window, 
but I may not 

If you cannot resist tempta- 
tion, you may avoid it 

I may be in a mistake 

It may be so 

It may turn to your account 

May not the same thing 

happen ? 
He can read and write 
This cannot be contradicted 

I cannot find it any where 

Do what you can, or the best 
yon can 

Can you not hold your 
tongue ? 

Nothing more can be said of 
it 

I cannot conceive the mad- 
ness of such doings; I 
believe they are out of 
their wits 

I could not do it, notwith* 
standing all iny endea- 
vours 



153 



Hy ko'nde zyn iadk niet af- 
doen, schoon hy alles deed 
dat in zyn vermogen was 

Ik zou' niemandmet vhijery 
kunncn misteiden, al kon- 
de ik Vr myn geluk door 
hewer ken 

Menig een zou kunnen ge- 
lukkig zyn, ats hy het 
zich zelven slechts konde 
verbeelden 

Indien ik zulks had kunnen 
voorzien, zou'' ik het m&- 
gelyk hebben kunnen voor- 
komen 

Ik doe dit, op dat gy my 
moogt beminnen 

God geve dat hy kome ! 



beuren 
Laat my nooit gelukkig 

zyn, zo ik v niet bemin 
Ik wcnschte wel dat zij wil- 

de verschynen, op dat gy 

haur zien mogtet 
Hy had allt di gen in orde 

gesteld, ten einde zyn 

tneester dezelve in gereed- 

heid mogtt vinden 
Och dat ik haar voor eeuwig 



He could not finish his task, 
tho' he did all that was in 
his power 

I could not deceive any man 
with flattery, though I 
might make my fortune by 
it 

Many a one might be happy, 
if he could but think him- 
self so 

If I could have forseen that, 
I might have prevented it 



I do this, that you may love 

me 
God grant that he may 

come ! 
I wish that it may come to 

pass 
May I never be blest, if I do 

not love you 
I wish she would appear, 

that you might see her 

He had set all things in order, 
that his master might Sad 
them in readiness 

Oh that I could cast her 



154 



uit myne gedachien konds 
verbannen ! 
Ach, dat ik zo dwaas kon 

zyn! 
Aeh) dat zy zo misleid kon 

wcrdrn ! 
God verhoede! dad ik u 
eenig hwaad zoude iven- 
schen 
Wilt gy dat ik uw gezel- 

schap hcudel 
Indien hy slechts mar my 
luisteren wilde, zo zou' 
ik onderntmcn hem te ge~ 
nezcn 
Gave God dat by dien tveg 

fiadde ingesiagen ! 
Ik wenschie wcl van deze 
lastige zaak veriest te 
zyn 
Hadde ik geld zo zou ik 

boeken kopen 
Waart gy ryk zo zoud 
gy vele bettugingen van 
vrienchchap oninweicn 
Indien de memch slechtsde 
GoedheidGadsoverwoQgj 
zoude h y zyne Voorde- 
nigheid met in tivyffel 
trekken 
Indien veele litden wyselyk 



from ray thoughts for ever 
That I could be so silly ! 






Oh that she could be so de- 
ceived 

God forbid ! that I should 
wish you any harm 

Are you willing, that I should 
bear you company? 

Provided he would mind me, 
I would undertake to cure 
him 

Would he had taken that 

course ! 
Would I were rid of this 

troublesome affair 1 

Had 1 money I would by 
books 

Were you rich, you would 
receive many professions 
of friendship 

Did man consider the good- 
ness of God, he would 
never question his Provi- 
dence 

Would many people act wise- 



155 



wilden handelen, zouden 
ze gelukkig kunnen zyn 
In dien ' t my georio ofdmogte 
%yn te spreken, zo zoiC ik 
deze zaak ophelderen 
Waart gy zo onheusch ? 
Konde gy zo wreed zyn ? 
Hehtgy hen die khine gunst 

geweigerd f 
Hadi gy hel hart aldus te 

handelen ? 
Zou het u aanstaan dus he- 

handeld le ivordtn ? 
Zou hy u met gelyke muni 

niet kunnen betalen ? 
Ik durf daar niet naar-toe 

gaan 
Laat my dit doen 
Ik durf daar niet naar toe 

gaan 
Laat my dit doen 
Ik zal u doen gaan 
Ik kan het niet doen 
Ik mag niet komen 
Ik moet ie huis blyven 
Ik wil dat gy het doet 
Hy wilde dat ik myn woord 

voor hem zou' geven 
Zyn tydme.t drinken en spe- 
len doorbrengen 



ly, they might be happy, 

Might I be allowed to speak, 
I could clear up this mat- 
ter 

Were you so unkind ? 

Could you be so cruel ? 

Did you refuse him that 
small favour ? 

Kad you the heart to do so ? 

Would you like to be served 
so ? 

Might he not give you as 
good as you bring ? 

I have not courage to go thi- 
ther 

Suffer me to do this 



Let me do this 

I will make you go 

I cannot do it 

I may not come 

1 must stay at home 

I will have you do it 

He would have me pass my 

word for him 
To spend one's time in drinks 

ing and gaming 



15S 



Groot vermaak in *t jagen 

tcheppen 
By komt van H drinken 
By is htt spelen nooit 

moede 

Zonder eenig acht te slaan 

Zal ik vertrekken zonder 

afscheid van hem ie ne- 

men 1 

9 .Er word in Eng eland goed 

rund-vleesch gegeten 
'JEr word in Vrankryk goe- 

de wyn gedronken 
Het kan niet anders zyn 
Men denkt dat hy dood is 
Dat is wel bekend 
J Er is my kennis van gege- 

ven 
Men heeft my gezegd 
Men zegt dat y er niets van 

aan is 
Men spreeki te Orleans goed 

Fransch 
Men heeft niet al wat men 

begeerd 
Bet is goed voor de gezond- 

heid 9 vroez op te staan 
By bad zeer aandachtiglyk 
Zy gedroeg zichzeer beschei- 

dtn 
Slecht spreken 



To take great delight in hun- 
ting 
He comes from drinking 
He is never weary of play- 
ing 
Without taking any notice 
Shall I go away without ta- 
king my leave of him ? 

There is good beef eaten in 

England 
There is good wine drunk in 

France 
It cannot be otherwise 
It is thought that he is dead 
That is well known 
I had notice of it given me 

One told me 

They say there is no such 

thing 
They speak good French at 

Orleans 
Men have not all they desire 

It is conducive to health to 

rise early 
He prayed very devoutly 
She behaved very discreetl 

To speak ill 



157 



Wei schryven 

Htj spreekt wiinig, minder, 

3 t minst 
Ik heb 'er weinig, minder, 

't minst van 
Hy is van eene kleine, van 

etne minder e, van demin~ 

ste gestalte 
Weinig, weinigeer, de wei- 

%igste menschen sferven 

gaarne 
Veel regen, veel donder, reel 

gelds 
Meer regen, meer donder, 

meer gelds 
De meeste regen, het meeste 

donder, het mteste geld 
Wy htbben veele regen-buien 

g eh ad 
Hoe veele donderslagen wa- 

ren daar ? 
Hoe veele dukaten kebt gy 1 
'5 voormiddags 
'S namiddags 
Met heUpgean der zonns 
Binneri een unr 
Een half uur geleeden 
Voor 8 dagen 
Over 8 dagen 
Voor veertien dagen 
Over 14 dagen 



To write well 

He speaks little, less, th* 

least 
I have little, less, the least of 

it 
He is of a little, of a less, 

of the least stature 

Few, fewer, the fewest men 
love to die 

Much rain, much thunder 

much money 
More rain, moie thundes 

more money 
The most rain, the most 

thunder, the most money 
We have had many showers 

of rain 
How many claps of thunder 

were there ? 
How many ducats have you ? 
In the forenoon 
Iu the afternoon 
At sun-rising, or at sun-rise 
Within an hour 
Half an hour ago 
This day sennight 
This day sennight 
This day fortnight 
This day fortnight 



158 



Hy was heir voor 8 dagen 

Hoe eerder hoe deter 

Te vroeg 

Tuschen dingsdag en don- 

derdag 
In een oogenblik 

Dikwils 
Van tyd tot iyd 
Van dag tot dag 
Om den anderen dag 
Altyd, altoos 
Al zagtjens 

Hy zegt my te zulhn beta* 
ten tuschen dit en Paas- 
schen 
lets by vlagen of rukken 

doen 
Hy kwam te huis toen het 

volkomen dag was 
Hy doet altoos iets, datpry- 

zenswardig is 
Schoon hy nog zo ryk zy, 

nogtans kan hy arm wor- 

den 
Wy waehten hem alle ogen- 

blikken, van den enen dag 

tot den anderen 
Hoe langer ik met hem om- 

gingy hoe meer my zynge* 

uUchap geviel 



He was here this day seu- 
night 

The sooner the better 

Too early 

Between Tuesday and Thurs- 
day 

In the twinkling of an eye, 
in a moment 

Frequently, often, oft 

From time to time 

From day to day 

Every other day 

Always 

Softly, fair and softly 

He says he'll pay me betwixt 
this and Easter 

To do a thing by fits and 

starts 
He came home when it was 

broad day 
He is ever doing something 

that is praise worthy 
Though he be ever so rich, 

yet he may become poor 

We expect him every mo- 
ment, from one day to an- 
other 

The longer I con versed with 
him, the more I liked his 
company 



159 



Dit gaat hoe tanger hoe be- 
ter, hoe langer hoe erger 
Van waar kwam hy ? 

Hier van daan 

Door welhe plaats kwam 

hy% 
Door deze plaats 
Door gene plaats hoe ook 

genaamd 
Door eenige andere plaats 

By de binnenzyde of kant 

By de buitenzyde 

By de bovenkant 

By dm hodem 

By den avhterweg 

By gindschen weg 

Hy woont ergens omtrent 

de kerk 
Jkging cen' grooten iveg om 

Zo hy omtrent de markt is, 
zal ik hem rhischien zien 
Gy zyt 'er lang aim bezig 
Zynde gereed om te vechten 
Ik had getn geld, geene boe- 

ken by my 
Hebt nice zinnen by u 
Omwegen maken t om't kant- 
je prat en 



This goes better and better, ^ 
worse and worse 

Whence, or from whence did 
he come ? 

Hence, or from hence 

Which way, by or through 
which place did he come ? 

This way 

By or through no place what- 
soever 

By or through some other 
place 

By the inside 

By the outside 

By the top 

By tlie bottom 

By the back-way 

By yon- way 

He lives some where about 
the church 

I went a great way about 

If be be about the market, I 
may chance to see him 

You are long about it 

Being about to fight 

I had no money, no books 
about me 

Have your wits about yon 

To go about the bush 



160 



Let op J t geen waaraan gy 

bezig zyt 
Waarom zyt gy beezig om u 

te verderven 
Hy draait rondom 
Zy zeilden rondom het land 

Een plaats rondom bekeind 
Een zat boven hem, en de 

cverige benedem hem 
Dat is een zaak boven uw 

vermogen 
Volgens 't geen ik hoorde 
Bet is naar onzen teens ch 
De dag daaraan volgende 
Hy kykt naar nicts, of hy 

ziet niets na 
Maakt het op dezelfde wyze 

Hy verzogt my tegen de aan* 

siaande week 
Zou' ik tegen hem zyn ? 
Het was geheellyk tegen zyn 

zin 
Ik ben Vr geheel tegen 
Hy worstelt tegen den 

stroom 
De golven slaan tegen het 

strand 



Mind what you are about 

Why are you going about to 

destroy yourself 
He turns round about 
They sailed round about the 

country 
A place fenced round about 
One sat above him, and the 

rest below him 
That is a thing above your 

capacity 
According to what I heard 
It is according to our wish 
The next day after this 
He does not look after any 

thing 
Make it after the same fa- 
shion 
He invited me against the 

next week 
Should I be against him ? 
It was entirely against bis 

mind 
I am clearly against it 
He strives against the stream 

The billows beat against the 



161 



Hy wierd onder 'I gedrang 

verloren 
Hy zou 1 byna onder struik- 

r overs gevallen hebben 
Het wierd nit de gantsclie 

party gekozen 
Zy gaan naar bed by zon- 

nen-ondergang, en ryzen 

by zonnen-opgang 
Zo u dit onder f t acond- 

maal ware overgekomen 
Hebt gy op een feest ge~ 

weest ? 
Hy was in de preek 
Hy verteerd byster veel 
Zy ivierden voor geringe 

kosten vourzien 
Wat verricht hy te Londen ? 

Hy woond te Rotterdam 
Het is op uw bevel, dat ik 

koine 
Ik heb aan zyn huis geweest 
Op zyne eerste versvhuning 
In den eersten aanvang 

stond het hem wel aan 
Daar is moeielyk aan te ko- 

men 
Hy is thans in school 
Zo gy niets te doen hebt 
Op den eersten aanblik 



He was lost among the crowd 

He was like to have fallen 

among the robbers 
It was chosen out from among 

the whole parcel 
They go to bed at sun-set> 

and get up at sun-rise 

Had this befallen you at 

supper time 
Have you been at a feast ? 

He was in the sermon 
He lives at a huge rate 
They were provided at a 

small charge 
What is he transacting at 

London ? 
He lives at Rotterdam 
It is at your command, th;:l 

I come 
I have been at his house 
At his first appearance 
He liked it at the very first 

It is hard to be come at 

He is at school at present 
If you be at leisure 
At the first sight 



162 



Hy is (tan de deur 
Zy kwamen eindelyk 
Op 't meeste 
Ten minsten 
Op H minste 

Ik weet niet of hy 't wel in 
H geheel doen zal of niet 
Alle te gelyk) alles teffens 
Hy had terstond gedaan 

Op uw gevaar 

Op een kanzje 

Onverhoeds 

Hy vond hem juist aan y t 

werk 
Zy zyn oneenig 
Hunne eer is in gavaar 
Waart g'y nooit op zee ? 
Was alles stil op zee ? 
Gaat gy voor, ik zal volgen 
Ik bemin hem meer dan my 

zelven 
Eer ik uit de wereld schei- 

de 
De dag ie voren 
Hy zeide *er my te voren 

van 
Het is voor, of achier 
Kort voor den avond 
Ik toil niet achter aan ko« 

men 



He is at the door 
They came at last 
At the most 
At least 
At the least 
I don't know whether he'll 

do it at all, or not 
All at once 
He was immediately at a 

stand 
At your peril 
At a veuture 
At unawares 
He found him just at work 

They are at odds 

Their honour lies at stake 

Were you never at sea ? 

Was all quiet aX sea ? 

Go you before, I will follow 

I love him better than myself 

Before I depart this life 

The day before 

He told me before-hand 

It is either before or behind 
A little before night 
I will not come behind 






163 



7* Vr nog iets overgelaten 1 

Hy wykt voor niemand in 

dapperheid 
Hy is wat ten achteren in de 

wereld 
Waar moet ik y er naar zoe- 

ken, onder of boven ? 
Zy war en btneden die ber- 

gen 
Hy was in ni&s minder dan 

zyn vader 
Het is beneden uw staat, dit 

te doen 
Daar wasnie mand dan gy 

die zulhs zeide 
Uitgenomen de schippw, 

en weinige behalven dien 
Hy ging naast de rivier 
Memand denkt het buiten 

hem 
Zy zyn van de zaek, waar 

over gehandeld word, of 
Hy is krankzinnig 
Daar was eene rivier tuschen 

hen 
Daar wierd een stuk lands 

tuschen beiden gelaten 
Wy wisselden vele woorden 

met malkander 



Is there any thing yet be- 

hind ? 
He does not come behind 

any for bravery 
He is a little behind-hand 

in the world 
Where must I look for it, 

above or below ? 
They were beneath those 

hills 
He was in nothing below his 

father 
It is beneath your character 

to do this 
There was nobody besides 

you that said so 
Except the captain and a few 

beside 
He went beside the river 
Nobody thinks so beside 

himself 
They are beside the business 

in hand 
He is beside himself 
There was a river between 

them 
There was a parcel of ground 

left between 
Many words passed betwixt 



164 



Op dim ergsten tyd was 

ik over de zee 
Van de overzyde der rivieren 
Zy waren boven maten ver- 

wonderd 
Hy word door sommigen ge- 

prezen, on door anderen 

gelaakt 
Ik kwam ter zee, en hy te 

land 
Hy zat neder aan den oever 
Hy stond aan de weg zyde 
Ik was 9 er niet by 
Wy deden het uit hoofde 

van de strenge koude 
Wy zullen het overige zelfs 

doen 
Ik valin myneenigheidgaan 

zitten 
let in *t voorby gaan, by 

trappen of stelender wyze 

doen 
Dit is tien voet hoger dan 

dat 
Straat voor straat, man voor 

man, dag voor dag 
Het scheelde maar weinig of 

hy was gedood 
Binnen H bereik van H ge- 

schut zyn 



At that very time was I be- 
yond the sea 

From beyond the rivers 

They were astonished be- 
yond measure 

He is praised by some, and 
blamed by others 

I came by sea, and he by 
land 

He sat down by the bank 

He stood by the way side 

I was not by 

We did it by reason of the 
intense cold 

We will do the rest by our- 
selves 

I will sit down by myself 

To do a thing by the by, by 
degrees, or by stealth 

This is higher than that by 

ten feet 
Street by street, man by 

man, day by day 
He was within a little of 

being killed 
To be within shot 



1G5 



Buiten de stad 

Zoekt naar hem buiten de 

deur 
Zonder iwyffel 
Zonder gekscheren 
Zegt htt van buiten op 
Ik kan zonder dien niet te 

recht komen 
Hy zal komen zonder om hem 

te zenden 
Het schynt dat hy zonder 

't zelve zal weg gaan 
Gy behoorde hem te onder- 

steunen, en niet op hem te 

schelden 
Hoord hem eerst, en oor- 

deeld dan 
Zfgend hen, die u vloeken ; 

en bid voor hen, die u bit- 
ter bejegenen, en vervol- 

gen 
Doet eerst den balk uit uw 

eigen oog, en dan den 

splinter, die in uw broe- 

ders oog is 
Vergeejt uwe vyanden, en 

God zal u vergeven 
Hy had zyn geld en alles 

vtrloren 
Allengskens ; van stukje tot 

beetje 



Without the town 

Look for him without doors 

Without doubt 

Without jesting 

Say it without book 

I cannot make , shift without 

it 
He'll come without being 

sent for 
He is likely to go without 

You should relieve him, and 
not rail at him 

Do first hear him, and then 

judge 
Bless them that curse you ; 

and pray for them that 

despitefully use you, and 

persecute you 
First pull out the beam that 

is in thine own eye, and 

then the mote that is ia 

thy brother s eye 
Forgive your enemies, and 

God will forgive you 
He had lost his money and 

all 
By little and little 



1W 



Hy Hep herwaards en der- 

waards 
Laat ons een wandeling 

gaan doen 
Jk zal gaan zien 
Wy zullen gaan horen 
Laat ons gaan schryuen 
Zo dat waar is 
Indien gy zulks doet 
€>y en alle 
Hoe langer hoe deter wor<* 

den 
Hoe langer hoe erger wor- 

den 
Uit moet ook waargeno^ 

men wordm 
Ik was daar ook 
Ik hoorde, dat hy daar ook 

was gegaan 
Wy hebben u ook nodig 
Daar waren twee van hen 

die ook zo deden 
Twee van dezen, zy ook te 

goed koop tot zulk een 

prys 
Dit is ook te veel 
Hy verhaalde ens daaren- 

boven 
My wierd insgelyks gezegd 
En voorts zyt vermaand 



He ran hither and thither 

Let us go and take a walk 

I will go and see 

We will go and hear 

Let us go and write 

And if that be true 

And if you do that 

And you and all 

To grow better and better 

To grow worse and worse 

This muit be also observed 

I was there too 

1 also heard, that he went 

there too 
We want you too 
There were two of them that 

did so too 
Two of these are two cheap 

too, at such a rate 

This is too much too 
He told us moreover 

I was told likewise 
And further be admonish- 
ed 



167 

Op dat het niet verder ver* Lest it spread further 
spreide 

By zeide verders niet He said nothing further 

Ik keb beide myne vrienden 1 love i, tJi my friends and 

en vyanden lief foes 

Behl men u be- Both he unci i come and see 

zoekei you 

ffyisziek, b< ide n at zielen He is sick both in body and 

ligchaam mind 

Om kort te zyn, He schreef In short I wrote to him 

hern 

Vraagt hem, ofhy komen zal, Ask him, whether he'll com© 

of niet or not 

Ik wil, of dit, ofdathebben I'll have either this or that 

By of zy is het It is either he or she 

H Is of een mannetje, of een It is either a he-one or a she- 

wyfje one 

Ik ben zo sterk niet als een I'm not so strong as either of 

van u beiden you 

Een van de twee, welke ook, Either of the two wijl an« 

aan uw oogmerk voldoen swer your purpose 

zal 

Of twee of g een Either two or more 

Geen zan de twee zal goed Either of them will do 

zyn 

Aan beide zyden niet ver* Not trusted on either side 

trouwd 

Ik heb hem niet gezien, noch I neither saw him nor spoke 

gesproken to him 

Noch gy, noch hy Neither you, nor he 

Geen van beiden is goed Neither of them is good 



168 



Gy word ean geen van beide 

zyden vertrouwd 
Neernt noch meer s noch min~ 

der 
Ik gebiede } noch verbiede u 

Geen van hun beide n schynt 

meer van eenig mensch te 

houden^ dan zy van my 

doen 
Hy zeide hem zo, ma&r hy 

sloeg f er geen acht op 
Ik gaa zeer zelden van huis 
Zy doet niets anders dan 

snappen 
Daar is geen twyfel of hy 

zal komen 
By heloofde niettemin, dat 9 

enz. 
Ik was inmideh beezig s met, 

enz. 
Ondertusschen blyve ik 
Want ik zou het om nog zo 

veel niet doen, om dat 3 enz. 
Op dat zy in H vervolg 

zorgvuldiger zou %yn 
Daarhahen zeg ik u 
Weshaken ik wil 9 dat gy 

weied 
Dewy I het zo is, moeten wy 

geduld oeffenen 



You are trusted on neither 

side 
Take neither more nor less 

I neither bid you, nor for- 
bid you 

Neither of them seems to 
esteem any man living 
more than I 

He told him so ; but he 

never minded it 
I go but seldom abroad 
She does nothing but prat- 
tle 
There's no doubt but he'll 

come 
He promised nevertheless 

that, &c 6 
I was busy in the mean time, 

with, &c. 
Mean while I remain 
For I would not do it for 

ever so much 
That so she might be more 

careful for the future 
Therefore I tell you 
Wherefore I would have you 

know 
Seeing that it is so, we must 

take patience 



369 



Nadien gy in een zekeren zin 
daar aan verbonden zyt, 
zo zou ik u raden te, enz. 

De eerie is in goeden staat, 
terwyl de andere volsla- 
gen het tegendeel is 

Zyn adem gaat, dus leeft 

hy 

Wat zal ik dan doen ? 

Ik zie het 9 teat bewyst dit 1 

Zegt niet een woord, op dat 

hy niet henen gaa 
JLaat ons leren, op dat wy 

onze les kennen 

Pas op, dat gy niet valt 
Indien u iets toevertrouwd 

is, zyt getrouw 
Jn geval gy derwaards gaat 
By aldien hy komt 
Mitszy voldaan ware 
Ik zal niet gerust zyn, ten 

zy hy van avond kome 
Hy drank een' gansche kan 

biers in eenen teug 
Voor den gaanden en ko~ 

menden man 
Iemand den lust tot iets 

gaande maken 
Ik kwamjuist om het u te 

given 



Whereas you are, in a man- 
ner, bound to it, I would 
advise you to, &c. 

The one is in good liking, 
whereas t'other is quite 
the contrary 

He breathes, thus he lives 

What shall I do then ? 
I see it, and what then ? 
Say not a word, lest he should 

go away 
Let us ply our books, lest 

we should not know our 

lessons 
Have a care, lest you fall 
If you be intrusted with a 

thing, be faithful 
If you go thither 
If so be that he come 
Provided she were satisfied 
I shall not be easy, unless he 

come to night 
He drank a whole pot of 

beer at one go down 
For comers and goers . 

To set one a-gog for a thing 

I was just going to give it 
you 



170 



Ik ben uw gehoorzame die- 

naar 
Ik ben uw nedrige dienaar 
Ik ben tot uwe bevelen 
Myn Heer, ik ben blyde u 

te zien 
Waar is uw Knegt ? 
Waar is uw knegt geble- 

ven ? 
Hoe vaart gy ? 
Hoe is 't met uw gezond- 

held ? 
Zyt gy altoos wel geweest ? 

Zyt gy wel? 

Zyt gy gezond ? 

Ik ben zeer wel, uittermaten 

wel, ongemeen wel 
Maar, hoe is het met u ? 

hoe vaart gy % hoe is het 

met uw gezondheid? 
Ik ben u verplicht 
Redely k wel 
Ik ben tamely k wel 
Zo als ik gewoon ben } zeer 

zwak 
Wel waarlyk, niet wel 
Ik ben maar gemeentjes 
Ik ben Vr maar slecht aan 
Ik ben zeer zwak 
Ik ben dood zick 



I am your most obedient 

I am your humble servant 
I am at your commands 
Sir, I am glad to see you 

Where is your servant ? 
What is become of your ser- 
vant ? 
How do you do ? 
How is it with your health? 

Have you had your health 

well? 
Are you well? 
Are you in good health ? 
I am very well, exceeding 

well, extraordinary well 
But, how is it with you? 

how do you do? how is 

it with your health ? 
I thank you 

Pretty well, I thank you 
I am indifferently 
As usual, very weak 

Why truly, not well 
I am but indifferently 
I am but poorly 
I am very weak 
I am sick to death 



771 



God zegene my ! 

Wat is Vr te doen ? 

Ei lieven ! 

O droefheid! 

Welts het mogelyk! 

Wee my ! 

Melaas ! 

Ach! oli! 

On j ! 

O my, ik ben verloren ! 

Htid at is Iraaf ! 

Dat is ivel gedaan ! 

Weg! 

Fori ! 

Foeike m ! 

Ho! 

Hola! 

Hoot hier! 

Stil! sus! 

f)e Heme! verkene 



Bless me ! 

Hey-day! what is here ! 

Dear me ! 

Osad! 

Alackaday ! is it possible ! 

Wo me ! 

Alas ! 

Ah! 

O dear ! 

Oh, or ah me I'm undone ? 

O brave ! 

Well done ! 

Get you gone ! 

Fy, fy for shame ! 

Out upon him ! 

So ho ! 

Hola! 

Hark ye ! 

Hush j whist; mum ! 

Heaven grant ! 



De droes of de drommel Deuce take him ! a mischief 

hade hem! be on him ! 

God verhoede ! God forbid ! 

God bewaare ons ! The Lord preserve us! 



172 

BRIEVEN. 



Een Brief van eene Nigt aan haare Moei. 

MEVROUW, 

De moeite, die ik U Ed. reeds gegeven heb, doet my 
schaamrood worden, wanneer ik overweeg uwe goedheid 
ivederom te veel te zulten vergen : maar de nood ivelkc ons 
dikmaals tot zulke daaden, die tegenstrydig aan onze 
ntigingen zyn, verpttgt, is de bewegende oorzaak die my 
noopt, om thans dus lastig te zyn* Ik bid u, waarde Juff~ 
vrouw, cnisehuldig my als ik nogmaals nwen bystand 
verzoek, welkin ik niet twyfele of is U Ed. zeer wel be- 
kend, ik thans groottlyk benoodigd ben ; en ik zal altoos 
aan uwe goedheid te mywaards met dankbaai held geden- 
ken; en ik hoope, did ik den tenen of anderen 1yd, in 
blaai zal zyn, cm eenige icedervergelding te doen f voor de 
redvuldige verpligtingen waar onder uwe goedheid my 
gcbragt heeft, 

U Ed. Dw. Dienaaresse en Mgl\ 



Een Brief van Hulpaanhiecling aan een' 
Vriend. 

WAARDE FRIEND, 
Ik zou' zekerlyk trouwloos zyn aan de oprechte vriend- 
schap, indien ik mynen vriend, in tegenspved, kwam ver- 

waarlozen, of af te snyden. Ik heb vernomen dat U 

Ed. met eenigen ramp bezogt, en hulp benodigt zyt; dcr 
halven laat ik U Ed. deze weinige letteren, ter uwer ver- 



173 

LETTERS. 



A Letter from a Niece to her Aunt. 

MADAM, 

The trouble I have already given you puts me to the 
blush, when I think of intruding agaiu on your goodness; 
but necessity, which frequently obliges us to such actions 
as are contrary to our inclinations, compels me to be thus 

troublesome now. Fray, dear Madam, excuse me, if I 

once more beg your assistance, which I don't doubt but 
you very well know I stand greatly in need of at this time. 
I shall ever have a grateful remembrance of your goodness 
to me ; and I hope I shall be, one time or other, capable 
of making some return for the many obligations your good- 
ness has conferred upon, 

Honoured Madam, 

Your most dutiful Niece. 



A Letter of proffered Assistance to a 
Friend. 

DEAR FRIEND, 

I should be false to true friendship, if I were to neglect 
or cast off my friend in adversity.— I have heard that 
you are under some misfortune, and need assistance I 
therefore send you these lines for your consolation, desi- 
ring you to bear up against your ill luck with as much pre- 



174 



troosting, ioekomen, biddende, U Ed. zich in 't ongeval, 
zo veel mogclyk is, met een bedaard gemoed gelieven op 
te bueren : want belrouwt *er op, dat ik deze letteren ras 
in persoon zal volgen, en tydig genoeg, hoop' ik, ter 
uiver hulpe, by U Ed. te zyn ; schept moed tot dien tyd 9 
en zyt verzekert dat U Ed. niet tehar zal gesteld wor- 

den door 

Uw getronwe Friend, 

C/ir ist ian Me nschenvriend. 



Een Broeder a an zyne Zuster. 

WAARDE ZUSTER, 

Myn verre af stand en lange afwezigheid van U Ed. 

maken my zeer bekommerd, noopende mven wehtand. — 

De natuurlyke betrekkhig, die ik tot U Ed. heb, noopt 

my 't allersterksi, aan U Ed. te gedenken, en awe ge- 

zondheid en voorspoed* in alien opzigten, zo zeer als myne 

eigene, ter harten te nemen ; en 9 er is niets dat ik bezitte, 

'/ geene, op u verzoek, niet volkomen '£ uwe zy. — In weer- 

wil van den verren af stand, ben ik des voornemens (zo 't 

God behaagt) U Ed. eerlang een bezoek te geven, ik zoude 

zulks al eerder gedaan hebben ; maar eere dringende nood- 

zaaklykheid heeft my verhinderd ; waar van ik U Ed. de 

by zander heden, alz te lang voor een brief zynde, zal me- 

dedetlen, wanneer ik U Ed. zie. Verzoeke myn agting 

aan alle vrienden, voornamelyk aan den braven Heer T.- 

In koope van U Ed. by myne komst ivel te zullen vinden, 

btn ik 

^ IVaarde Zusier ! 17 Ed. tocgenege 

■Broeder. 



175 

sence of mind as you possibly can ; for, assure yourself, I 
shall follow this epistle in person, and come, I hope, in 
time to assist you ; till which take courage, and be per- 
suaded that you shall not be disappointed by 

Your real friend and servant, 
Christian Philanthropos. 



A Brother to a Sister. 

DEAR SISTER, 

My great distance and long absence from you make me 
very solicitous concerning your welfare. Natural af- 
fection inclines me strongly to have you in remembrance, 
desiring your health and prosperity in every respect as much 
as my own ; and there is nothing at my command, but, if 
you request, it shall be really yours. Notwithstanding 
the distance, I purpose (God willing) to make you a visit 
very shortly, and would have done it before now, but 
urgent business interposed ; the particulars of which, 
being too long for a letter, I shall acquaint you with when 

I see you. Pray give my due respects to all friends, 

especially to honest Mr. T, In expectation of- finding' jou 
all well at my arrival, I am, 

Dear Sister, your affectionate Trotlier. 



176 

Een Brief van een jongeling, ter School leg- 
gende, aan zyne Ouders. 

GEERDE VADER EN MOEDER, 

Ik heb U L vriendelyke letter tn, van 4 Nov. laatsle- 
den, ontvangen, nevens de verscheidcne dingen daarin 
vermeld ; waar voor U L. mynen nederigsten en hartelyk- 
sten dank zegge ; zy konden op geen gepaster tyd geko- 
men zyn. — Ik verheuge my, tn danke God, dat U L., 
met alle onze waarde nabestaanden eenen volmaakten wel- 
staand genieten ; en bidde God zulks te willen doen voort- 
duuren. — Ik veronderstel dal U L. door mynen waardigen 
Meester zullen vernomen hebhen, de vordering die ik maak 
in myne studie, ivelke, hoe moeielyk, onoverkomelyk, en 
verdrietig my dezelve, in den Ganvang, ook toescheen, my 
thans zeer gemakktlyk, gemeenzaam en vermakelyk is ge- 
ivorden; en hoe meer ik vordere, hoe meer behagen ik 
daarin schep; zo dat ik my vlei\ het oogwit, waarom 
het U L. geliefde my herwaards te zenden, te zullen be* 
reiken. — Lieve ouders, verzoeke van myne schuldige ge- 
hoorzaamheid aan U L,, te willen aannemen ; alsmede 
myne voorige speel-makkers te groeten, byzonderlyk 
Jantje N., welke, zo ik hoop, thans wat bezadiger begind 
te zyn, — — Ik ben 

G'eerde Ouders, 

Uw gehoorzaamste Zoon. 



Een Brief van Aanbeveeling. 
MYN HEER! 

Ikzende U Ed. brenger dezes, A* B. als zodanig een 
Persoon, op wiens eerlykheid U Ed. staat konnen ma- 



177 

A Letter from a Youth at School to his 

Parents. 

HONOURED FATHER AND MOTHER, 

I received your kind Letter of the 4th of November last, 
along with several things therein mentioned ; for which I 
return you my most humble and hearty thanks ; they came 
very seasonably. — I rejoice and thank God for your being, 
with all our dear relations, in perfect health ; and pray 

God for the continuance of the same. 1 fancy you 

have heard by my worthy Master of the improvement I 
make in my learning ; which, as rugged, insurmountable, 
and irksome, as it seemed to me at first, is now become 
quite easy, familiar, and pleasant to me ; and the more I 
advance, the more I delight in it ; insomuch that I flatter 
myself that I shall gain the point for which you were 
pleased to send me hither.— — Pray, my dear Parents, 
accept of my most humble duty to yourselves, and kind 
love to my brothers and sisters, and also to my former 
play-fellows, particularly Jackey N. who, I hope, by this 
time begins to be a little serious. 1 am 3 

Honoured Parents, 

Your most dutiful Son, 



A Letter of Recommendation. 
SIR, 

The bearer hereof, A, B,, I send to you, as one whose 
honesty you may rely on ; and my experience of his con- 



178 

ken; en myne ondervinding van zyn gedrag en getrotftc- 
heid, geeftmy eeri* zekere stontheid, om hem dan UEd.te 
bevelen : want U Ed. kent my, Myn Heer ; en ik verlrouw, 
dat U Ed, niet in staat zyt, om in y t minste te denken, dat 
ik iemand aan U Ed. zgiC aan bevelen aan wiens deugd- 
zamheid ik de minste schaduw van twvffeling of agterdcgt 
hadde.— Ik ben met de zuiverste achting 

Myn Heer, Uw y oprechte Vriend. 



De Hr. N. N, a N, N. 6 Mey, 18. 

MYN HEER, 

Alzo de houder (of brenger) dezcs, de Hr, N. N , myn 
byzondere boezem-vriend, mogelyk in uw plaats, omtrent 
L, . • ., zotC kunnen benodigt zyn, neme ik de vryheid U 
Ed. te verzoeken, de goedheid te willen hebben, dezelven 
voor myn rekn. aan zyn Ed. te fourneeren, tegens dub" 
. be le kwitlansien, waar van U Ed. my eene gelieve te doen 
toekomen, die insgelyks, by alle gelegenheden ben 

Myn Heer, U Ed, Div. Dr. 



De Hr. N, N. 

MYNHEER, 

De Missive, waarmede U Ed, my aider 24 laasleden 
htbt gelieven te vereeren, is my geworden ; ivaarop in 
vriendl, antwd. dient, ik het.,.,als nog niet heb ont* 
vangen ; wanneer zulks aankomt, zal ik het met de eerste 
gelegenheid verzenden. Ik zal alle onkoste hier bate* 






179 

duct and fidelity gives ine a certain kind of confidence in 
recommending him to you : for you know me, Sir ; and 
I believe you cannot, in the least, thiuk that I would re \ 
commend any one to you, of whose probity I had the 
least shadow of doubt or suspicion.- — I am with the 
most sincere respect, 

Sir, your real Friend. 



Mr. N. N. in N. N. May the 6th, 18 , 1 

SIR, 

Whereas the bearer hereof, Mr. N. N., my very intimate 
friend, may possibly have occasion, at your place, for 
about £....} I make bold to desire you to be so kind as 
to furnish him with the same, on my account, taking his 
double receipts ; one of which you will please to send 
to me, who am, on all occasions, 

Sir, your very humble Servant, 



Mr. N. N. 
SIR, 
I received the letter which you did me the honour to 
write the 24th ultimo. — In answer t® which, I have not as 
yet received the * . » . ; when it arrives I shall dispatch the 
same per first opportunity. I will pay all charges here, 
and also the freight to..,, ; insomuch that your friend 



180 

ten ; als mede de vragt naar . ... ; zo dat uw vriend aldattr* 
alleen de inkomende rechten, en het ie huis-brengen, be- 
lioeft te verschieten. Ik zoude dit oak betalen, indien ik 

wist hoe veel zulks bedroeg. U Ed. verder van dienst 

zyn kon?iende, zal ik my de gelegenhtid een eere rekenen, 
zo wel als van te kunnen tonen, met welk eenen yver ik 
verlange geacht te worden als 

Myn Heer, U Ed. Dw. Dr. 



De Br. N. N. 
MYN HEER, 

U Ed. aangen. van den 20 deezer, vtrzeld met dien van 
Myn Heer XJ Ed. vadervan dito, heb wel ontvangen, en 
deszelfz inlioud gezien. — Ik zal, gelyk U Ed. eenigzins te 
kennen geeven, U Ed. tratta van L. 100 : — wanneer die 
komt, honoreeren ; zoo dat U Ed. die gerustelyk op 2 uso 
trekken konnen. — Nadien ik den Hr. N. voor zulk een 
oprecht man houde, verwondert het my zoodaanige klagt 
van htm te horen; en 't smert my, dat het in myn y 
magt niet is, om U Ed. daarin by te springen, dewyl hy 
de eenigste vriend is, die ik thans in ... heb ; dus gelieve 
U Ed. my deswegens te excmeeren, blyvende na nedrige 
dienstaanbeiding aan U Ed. en Myn Heer U Ed. vader^ 
met alle achting 

Myn Heer, U Ed. Dio. Dr. 



De Hr. N. N. 

MYNHEER, 

Ikheb U Ed. aangen. van4passato wel ontvangen, nevens 
de documenten, betrekkclyk tot het desaster van de sloep 



181 

there will have only to disburse duty and porterage, whick 

I would also pay, if I knew how much it was. If I 

can render you any further service, I should be proud of 
the occasion, and of manifesting with what zeal I covet to 
be esteemed, 

Sir, your most humble Servant. 



Mr. N. N. 

SIR, 

I have yours of the 20th instant, annexed to your 
father's of the same, and observe the contents.— I 

shall comply, as you hint, with your draft of 1001. 

when it comes ; so you may safely draw the same at 2 

usance As I know Mr. N. to be a fair man, I am 

surprised to hear your complaint of hiui ; and am sorry 
it does not lie in my power to assist you therein, because 
he is the only friend I have at present in . . . . ; so you will 
please to excuse me, and, giving my most humble service 
to your father, to accept the same from 

Sir, Your, &c. 



Mr. N. N. 

SIR, 
I received your favour of the 4th ulj. (as your favour 
of the 4th. ult. came duly to hand) with the papers, rela- 

B 



182 

de Anna, welke in volkomene order zyn. Ik heb dezelven 
netariaal doen vertdaten, en aan de Assuradeurs gezonden* 
een derzehen zegt, dat het schip in geen goeden staat was, 
wanneer het naar zee ging. Ik hoop dat ze geene andere 
tegenwerping maaken zullen, en dat ik U Ed. in 't kort 
goed berigt van dit verlies zal konnen geven ; myne po~ 
gingen zullen niet ontbreeken. U Ed. bekomen hierby 
een brief, welken ik heden ontvangen heb van den Hr. N., 
die ik hoop, spoedig a Costi zal zyn. Ik vinde niet dat 
U Ed. my eenige orders hebt g'egeven om zyne terugreize 
te verasureeren ; doch in het begin hebt gy zulks voor nit 
en te huts gedaan ; maar, dewy I ik alleenlyk voor de uit- 
reize geasureerd heb, en U Ed. schreef, dat ik U Ed, order 
zoor de assuranlie van de te huis-reize zou 1 inwagten, vind* 

ik niet dat U Ed. my die hebt gegeven.- Ik heb, ver- 

onderstel ik y aldaar een schip, gevoerd door Capt. N., 
dat op vragt zal zyn voor deze stad. Indien U Ed. hem 
eenige hulp kunt toebrengen, zult U Ed. my verpligten, 
en ik zal het als een* gunst aanmerken.—^-Dewyl urn* 
boter op lis. gekomen i&, zou ik niet vreemd zyn te den- 
ken, dat ze ras op IS oflQs. zal zyn, wanneer V Ed. 't 
wel wagen moogen, een party ije op hier'te zenden, Ik 
ben in alien gelegenheden 

Myn Heer, U. Ed. Dw. Dr. 



Een ieder zy hier-door kennelyk ; dat ik Laureniz Lack- 
cash, Wynhooper in Southwark, schuldig hen aan 
Charles Creditman, Zouihandelaar lev roorsz. plaatse, 
de somma van een honderd en vyfiig Ponden, goede en 
gangbaare specie van Groot Brittanjen, welke voorsz. 



188 

iing to the loss of the Aim sloop ; which are in the best 
order. I got them notarially translated, and sent them to 
the Insurers ; one of them says the ship was not in good 
erudition when she went to sea. 1 hope they will make no 
other objection, and that I may soon give you a good ac- 
count of the said loss, my endeavours shall not be want- 
ing. Herewith you have a letter, which came this day 

to hand from Mr. N., who, I hope, will be soon with you. 
I don't find that you gave me any orders to make insu- 
rance on his return ; but you did at first out and home ; 
but I insured only out, and wrote you that I'd wait your 
orders for the home-insurance, but I don't find that you 

gave me any. 1 have, I suppose, a ship there, one 

N. Master, that will be on freight for this town,. If you 
can give him a lift, you will oblige me, and I shall esteem 

it as a favour. -As your butter came to 22s.,- I am apt 

to believe it will soon be at 18 or 205. when you may ven- 
ture on a parcel to send hither. 

I am on all occasions, 

Sir, 

Your, &c. 



Know ail Men by these presents ; that I Lawrence Lack- 
cash of Southwark, vintner, do owe and am indebted 
unto Charles Creditman of the same place, Salter, the 
sum of one hundred and fifty pounds of lawful money 
of Great Britain ; which said sum I promise to pay 



184 



sommc ik aan den voorn. Charles Creditman, zyne 
Executsuren, Administratearen, ofte Gelasfigden vol- 
doen zal, op, of voor den 24s ten dag; van December 
eerstlcomende na dato deezes. In Getuigenis waarvan 
ik deze met myne hand cndertekene en bezegele den 
Qden dag van October 18... 



£ 150 ( L. S.J Laurentz Lackcash. 



Getekend, gezegeld en overgeleverd 
in de tegenwoerdigheid van 
A. B. als Getuige. 
C. D. als Getuige. 



WISSELBRIEVEN. 

Amsterdam, 4 October, IS • , voor dbO Sttrh 
Op zigt gelieve U Ed, te hetalm, aan den Heer Rutger 
Lackcash, of odre, vyfiig Pondm Sterling, de waards 
cntvangen, en stelt op rekening, volgens advys van 
A. Myn Heir U Ed. Dw. Dr. 

De Beer Pkter Punctual, Daniel Drawbill. 

Koopman in Londen. 

Louden, 6 October, 18 ...voor £100. 
Veertien dagen naa zigt, gelieve U Ed. te betahn aan 
den Heer Joseph Clothier, of te ordre, een honderd 
Ponden, de waarde ontvangen, en steld op rekening, 
volgens advis van 

U Ed. Dw. Dienaar, 
Myn Heer Timotheus Woollendraper. 

D? Heer Simon Certain, 
Koopman te Leeds, 



185 

unto the said Charles Creditman, his Executors, Ad- 
ministrators, or Assigns, on or before the 24th of De- 
cember next ensuing the date hereof. Witness my hand 
and seal this 6th day of October, 18... 



£ 150 (L. S.) Lawrence Lackcash. 



Signed, sealed, and delivered, 
in the presence of 
A. B. as witness. 
C. D. as witness. 



BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 

Amsterdam, Oct. the 4th, 18.. for c£50 Sterl. 
At sight hereof, pay to Mr. Roger Lackcash, or order, 
fifty Pounds Sterling, value received, and place it to 
account, as per advice from 

Your humble Servant, 

Daniel Drawbili. 
To Mr. Peter Punctual, 
Mercht in London. 

London, Oct. the 6th, 18. . foroflOO. 

At fourteen days sight pay to Mr. Joseph Clothier, or his 

order, one hundred Pounds, value received, and place it 

to account, as advised by 

Your humble Servant, 

Timothy Woollendraper 
To Mr. Simon Certain 

Mercht in Leeds* 



186 

London, 7 October, IS. . voor £150 a 36s. Ad. 
Op uso gelieve U Ed. te betalen pr. dezen mynen prima 
Wisselbrief, aan den Heer Rutgers Wealthy, ofte ordre> 
een hondred en vyftig Ponden Sterling, tegens zes en 
dertig schellingen en vier grooten vlaamsch courant, 
pr. pond Sierl.j de waarde in rekening; volgens advys 
van U Ed. Dw. Dienaar, 

A Myn Heer Will em Drawer. 

De Heer Jacob Salomon, 
Koopm. te Rotterdam. 

Prima, 

London, 7 October, 18. .voor £150 a 36s. 4d, 
Op uso gelieve U Ed. betalen pr. dezen mynen seconda 
Wisselbrief (de prima niet betaald zynde) aan den Heer 
Rutgers Wealthy, ofte ordre, een honderd en vyftig 
Ponden Sterling, tegen zes en dertig schellingen en 
vier grooten vlaamsch courant, pr. pond Sierl. de waar- 
de in rekening, volgens advys van 

V Ed. Dw. Dienaar, 
A Myn Heer Willem Drawer. 

De Heer Jacob Salomon, 
Koopm. te Rotterdam. 

Seconda. 

Een Endossement op een Wisselbrief is gemeenlyk in 

deze woorden. 
Betaald de hier binnen gemelde somme (of alleen : Ge- 
lieft voor my te betalen) aan den Heer Lodewyk Credikur, 
of ordre, de waarde ontvangen (of de waarde in rekening) 

London, 8 October, IS 

Rutger Wealthy. 






187 

London, Oct. the 7th, 18. .for £150. Exch. 36s. 4d- 
At usance pay this my first Bill of exchange, to Mr. Roger 
Wealthy, or order, one hundred and fifty Pounds Ster- 
ling, at thirty-six shillings, four-pence, flemish currt. pr. 
pound Sterl. value in account, as pr. advice from 
Your humble Servant, 

William Drawer, 
To Mr. James Salomon, 
Mercht. in Rotterdam. 

First. 

London, Oct. the 7th, 18.. for ^150 Exch. SGs. 4d. 
At usance pay this my second bill of exchange (my first not 
being paid) to Mr. Roger Wealthy, or order, one hun- 
dred and fifty Pounds Sterling, at thirty-six shillings, four- 
pence flemish currt.; pr. pound Sterl. value in account, 
as pr. advice from 



Your humble Servant, 

William Drawer. 



To Mr. James Salomon, 
Mercht. in Rotterdam. 



Second. 

An Endorsement on a Bill is generally in these words. 
Please to pay Mr. Lewis Creditor, or order, value re- 
ceived (or value in account). London, Oct. the 8th, 18.. 

Roger Wealthy. 



18S 
£iS£RBJSl»S 

OVER DE ROJfEIJSTSCHE GESCHIEDENIS. 

BY alle volkeren, zoo in Bet barre noorden, als in net 
heete oosten, westen en zoele zuiden, heeft de Romeinsche 
Geschiedenis, zedert de komst van den afstammeling des 
Troijaanschen jEneas, Romulus, betwelk 753 jaaren 
voor Christus geboorte gerekend werd, de be wondering 
tot zich getrokken. 

Hare verrigtingen, die zich uitstrekten om het gantsche 
wereld-deel op haren wenk te doen bukken, verbaasde 

ieder opperregeerder van dit beneden-rond ! Hare ge- 

lukkige gcvolgen deden elken bestuurder, hctzij van lan- 
den, steden of gehuchten sidderen, wanneer hurt geest 
niet met die der Romeinen strookte ! — Waar bij de oade 
volkeren de naam van Romein genoenid werd, drong ecneii 
godlijke eerbied of eene vrees in de harten der inwooneren, 
aangezien hunne voortgangea, in de oogen der toenmaalige 
wereid-bewooners, ais goddelijk beschouwd wierden. 

In de 245 jaren, dat de Romeinen door koningen gere- 
geerd wierden, zag men den geest niet uitbotten, welke het 
Romeinsche yolk van binnen koesterde. Dan naauwelijks 
waren deeze jaren vervlogen ; naauwelijks had Junius 
Brutus den heerschzuchtigen Tarquinius verjaagd, 
toen hij bij het schenden der eer van Lucretia, de stad 
Collatia niet alleen, maar zelfs het gantsche Romeinsch ge-3 
bied moest verlaten, of ieder Romeinsch hart tintelde van 
bet ijvervuur, om door deugd en vaderlandsliefde zich 
geacht, groot en geducht bij de geheele wereld te maaken. 
In een Gemcenebest zich derhalven vormende, toonde 
de Vader wat hy voor't Vaderland— wat hij voor zijne zonen. 



189 

was— de wreker der Romeinen, die onder het bestier van 
Tarquinius als een bespotteling ieefde:— die de stem 
der Natuur verdoofde, voor zijn vaderland, dat door de 
dwinglandij der trotsche en opgeblazene hoogmoed van 
Tarquinius het keizerlijk juk was moede geworden, en 
daarom iiever den beker tot op den bodem wilde uitdrin- 
ken, dan zich op nieuw onder zijn geweld te begeeven . . . • 
Brutus was het, die op het ontdekkenvan den slaafViN- 
dicius, gewaar werd, dat zijne twee zonen Titus en 
Tiberius, onder anderen met Tarquinius eene zarnen- 
zwering tegen den Romeinschen staat hidden, die zelf 
de vierschaar oprigte, en onder het bekendmaken def 
trouwloosheden zijner zonen ] onder het uitspreken deser 
woorden : " Romeinen ! mijne zonen zijn mijne zonen 
" niet meer! spaart vrij tranen van medelijden, want 
" Brutus is Iiever zonder kinderen, dan dat hij zijn va- 
""derland zonder vrijheid ziet!" geeft hij zelve den scherp- 

regter het teken him te onthoofden Met Valerius 

Romeinsch burgemeester zijnde, rukte hij, na dit volvoer- 
de offer aan zijn vaderland, tegen de Tarquiniussen aan, 
en, schoon zijn leger overwinuaar was, sneuvelde hij 
door Aruns Tarquinias, die in hetzelfde oogenblijk doof 
hem geveld werd : over welken dood van Brutus de 
rouw der Romeinsche vrouweu zoo verre ging, dat zij opeu-> 
baar zijn overMjdeu een jaarlang beweenden. 

Rome, schoon van Brutus beroofd, was gelukkig no 
veeie helden binnen en buiten hare muren te tellen, na- 
dien het onophoudelijk te kampen had tegen binnen en 
buitenlandsche onlusten. Tarquinius zich van zijn rijk 
verstoken en zelfs geen mogelijkheid ziende de Romeinen 
te kuunen overwinuen, haalde Porsenna over, tot het 



190 






verlenen van bijstand, ten eiiide daardoor in zijne waar- 

digheid hersteld te worden.- Rome werd derhalven 

door porsenna belegerd ; en na dat hij den berg Jani- 
culus reeds had bemagtigd, benaauwde hij de stad zoo- 
danig, dat voor de belegerde helden niets anders, dan de 
uiterste ondernerningen, overschoten. 

Mucius, een der belegerden, de nood van Rome zien- 
de, trad manmoedig in den Raad, om verlof te verzoeken, 
Van zich naar het leger van Porsenna te mogen begeven, 
om door het ombrengen van den koning, de stad te ver- 
lossen, hetgeen hem dan ook werd toegesJaan. Dan Mu- 
cius, in het leger, een ander dan den koning, bij niisvafe- 
ting, van het leven beroovende, werd hi) gevat en bij het 
manmoedig ontdekken van zijn voornemen aan Porsen-< 
na, stak hij zijne regter hand in het vuur, en liet die zon- 
der ontzetting ten prooij der vlammen, zeggende tegen den 
koning, dat hij een der drie honderd Romeinen was, wel- 
ken alien hem den dood hadden gezworen. — Over deze 
kioekmoedige daat ontzette Porsenna zich zoodanig, 
dat hij met zijn leger afhield en met de Romeinen vrede 
maakte. 

Rome ? over hare verlossing dankbaar, scbonk Mucius 
den bijnaam van Scevola (llnksch;) en verplicht zijnde 
aan Porsenna eenige gijzelaars tezenden, waaronder ver- 
scheide maagden waren, viel dit lot aan Klelia ook te 
beurt, die, wars van slaverny, met eenigen barer lotge- 
nooten den Tijber overzwom en aldus tiiitmpherende bin- 
nen hare moederstad terugkeerde. Welk bestaan Por- 
senna zulk een eerbied indrukte, dat hij Klelia terug 
ontboodt, haar van zijne hoogachting vezekering gaf en in 



m 

veiiigheid naar Rome terugvoerde, zeggende verders: 

" Tegen het geslacht van Mars is geen oorlog te voeren, 
" vermits de een door de vlam en de andere door de 
P stroom de overwinning tot zich trekt." 

Was het derhalven wel te verwonderen, dat met zooda- 
iiige harten het gansche wereld-gestel geschud werd ? is 
het onbegrijpelijk, dat de tdenmalige Gaulen, Bataven, 
Germaniers, Carthageuiensers, en andere strijdbare volke- 
ren, door hun eiudelijk overwonneu werden ? Was het te 
verwonderen, dat waar de Romeinsche standaard ge- 
plant werd, ook gelijktijdig de schrik door het gansche 
laud heenvIoOg ? Neen ! Camillus de schrik der Gau- 
len ; Cerialis die der Bataven en Germaniers, en 
Scipio die der Carthageniensers, waren veldheeren voor 
wien alles bukte. Daarenboven had het anders alles tem- 
mende goud, geen vat op de Romeinsche staatsmannen, zoo 
als onder anderen blijkt uit Faericius, die bij Pirrus 
als onderhandelaar in Tarentum gezonden werd, en de- 
zelve met goud, ware het mogelijk, 1 trachtendete lokken, 
doch daarin niet kuuuende slagen, poogde liij hem 's daags 
daaraanvolgende bevreesd te maken, door aan Faeri- 
cius op het onver vvachts, eenen oliphant te vertoonen, die 
nog nimmer door hem gezien was; dan Faericius even 
gevoelioos voor dit dier ,als voor het goud, antwoordde 
Pirrus gantsch bezadigd: "Uw goud was gisteren en he- 
"den uw ijslijk dier onmachtig, om mij in mijuen pligt te 
" doen wankelen !". . . .Zoo getrouw Faericius voor zijn 
vaderland was, even zoo getrouw was de Romeinsche 
burgemeester Regulus voor zijn woord, Deze in den 
eersten Punischen oorlog eene scheepsvloot tegen de 



192 

Carthageniensers gebiedcnde, had, na wonderen van 
dapperheid verrigt te hebben, het ongeluk in 's vijands 
haiiden te vallen en naar Carthago gevoerd te worden : 
van waar men hem naar Rome zond, met oogmerk tot 
J s vijands voordeel te werken, door voor zijn persoon al- 
leen een groot getal vijandlijke krijgslieden te ontslaan, 
onder beding, dat wanneer hij in zijne zending niet slaag- 
de s dan wedernaar Carthago terug te keeren. Regulus 
met deeze boodschap te Rome komende, bragt den Raad 
bet nadeel zijner zending onder de oogen ; deed hun op- 
merken hoe veel voordeel de vijand zoude winnen, met 
voor een genoegzaam afgeleefd man een groot aantal strijd- 
bare krijgslieden terug te krijgcn. De Raad keurde zijne 
gedachten goed, doch drong bij Regulus zeer sterk aan, 
niet weder naar Carthago terug te keeren. Dan Regulus 
was hiervoor doof ; bragt den Raad zijn gegeven woord 
onder het oog, en na afscheid van zijne dierbaarste pan- 
den genomen te hebben, keert hij naar Carthago terug, 
alwaar men reeds berigt van zijne raadgevingen had ont- 
vangen, waarover hij dan ook ter dood gedoemd werd, 
lets hetwelk hij bij zijn vertrek uit Rome reeds had voor- 
zien, 

Trouw en heldenmced derhalven bij de Romeinen door- 
sehitterende, was het geen wonder dat hun roeni alomme 
opsteeg; dat zij onder den grooten Scipio, den Veldheer 
der Carthageniensers Asbrubal en den Numidischen Ko- 
ning Si-fax-, met hunne gantsche magt, vernietigden ; 
zoo wei als hunnen ergstenen geduchtsten vijand Hanni- 
bal, na dat hij de Spaansche stad Sagunthe verwoest, 
Spanjen veroverd, over de Alpische gebergteu Italie met 



schwk vervuld, en bij Canna de Romeinen zelfs tot wijken 
gebragt had! ....Geene pogingcn van den Siriescben 
koiiing Antiochus konderi baten, daar hem de wet 
zelve werd voorgeschreven ! .... De Romeinen deden 
nlles voor hun zwaard bukken !. . . .Carthago,— dat trot- 
scbe Carthago !-uerd door hen in een zevendaagsche 
brand ten prooi der vJanunen gegeven, en aldus, even als 

bet bloeijend Ilium, tot het niet teruggevoetd ! 

Wist de Romein buitenlandsche vijanden te straffen; 
wist bij hen die naar zijne vrijheid dongen, aan het wraak- 
zwaard overtelceveren, bij wist zulks ook te doen, wan- 
neer een zijner medeburgers ketenen voor hem bereiddc— 
Cajvs Marius, welke zevenmaal den boudelbijl in 
Rome voor zicb zag beenvoeren en den Numidisehen Ko- 
ning Jugdrtha voor zijnen zegenwagen als een slaaf he- 
nen leiden,-— Cajus Marius door het menscheJijke zwak 
van trotschheid te hevig bestormd wordende, werd aan de 
vcrachting overgeleverd, toen men cntwaar werd, dat 
bij een overweldiger^zijner burgeren poogde teworden, en 
in zoo verre gebaat, dat toen een zijner slaven, op zijn 
verzoek, hem den levensdraad afkeifde, men aan zijn lijk 
geene begraafplaats vergunde, maar doorde vlietende rivier 

betzelve liet wegspoelen ! Valerius Maximus de 

wisselvalligheid dezes mans schetzende, zegt in het slot 
derzelve zeer zinrijk ! „ Wat is 'er veranderlijker of onbe- 
"stendiger, dan de staat van dezen man? Rekent men 
"hem bij de ongelukkigen, dan is bij een der voornaam- 
*' 8teu 3 en bij de gelukkigen, kan bij mede als een der ge* 
■■ lukkigsten doorgaan." En inderdaad had deza 
groote schrijver het niet ten onregte, vermits Mariu* 



J9t 

in het gebied der Volseen, en wel te Arpinas, in den 
stulp geboren, en de zoou eens timraerruans zijnde, door 
zijne kloekraoedigheid en zijn verstand het zoo verre wist 
te brengen, dat Iiij tot de hoogste waardigheid van liet Ro- 
meinseh gebied zevenmaalen verbeven werd ; dat hij een 
leger van rneer dan driemaalhonderd-duizend strijclbare 
raannen overmeesterde en gantsch Duitschland aan zijnen 
zegewagen hechte ! . . . ,GeIukJcig was hij deihalven de 
vertrouweling zijuer broederen en de schrik banner lia- 
teren te zijn. Ongelukkig daar bij, met het zelfsverwijt 
en den voikshaat overladen, bij den poel van Milurnus en 
aan het Carthaagsche strand zijn levensonderboud moest 
bedelen, en na deeze angstvaliige tijdstippen, na de nieuwe 
beproeving 'qgx Rome aan zijne heerschzucht opteofferen, 

tot de iaagste straf gedoemd te word en Gaat men 

van dit straffe voorbeeld over tot bet trenrig lot van Pom- 
pejus den Grooten, die na in eenen oorlog van dertig jaren 
twee millioenen en ruim tathtig-duizend menschen te heb- 
ben verstrooid, gedood of gevangen genomen, na acht- 
honderd-zes-en-zestig schepen in den grond geboord of 
veroverd, en na vijftien-honderd en acbt-en-dertig plaatsen 
en sterktens in onderwerping gebragt en de landen van 
bet Meotische Meir tot aan de Roode zee te hebben doen 

bukken ja, na dat hij de zeekusten van movers had 

gezuiverd en het gebied van deu oceaau hersteld ; na dat 
hij overwinnaar was van Azie, Pontus, Armenie, Paflago- 
nie, Cappadoeie, Cilicie, Sirie, Scithie, de Joden, Alba- 
nen, Ibereu, bet eiiand Crete, de Basternen, eu 3 wat 
meer is, van de koniugen Mithridates en Tigranes ...*.. 
ua dat Pompejus dit alles had verrigt, werd hij met 



195 

gespaard, maar moest voor hem bukken, wien hij scheen 
in den weg te leven.... ..Julius Cesar, jalousch 

over het geluk van Pom pejus, vermits hij geen mee* 
ster boven zich dulden wilde ;— misnoegd dat Pompejus 
bij afwezigheid van (CjssAb in den Raad der Tienmannen 
had bewerkr, dat hij niet tot Romcinsch burgemeester was 
verkozen, berokkende eenen openbaren oorlog Uisschen 
hem en Pompejus. .Geene banden, welken door het hu- 

welijk gestrengeld waren, vermogten lets jalousie en 

wraak hadden het plan gesmeed, om de tocnmaalige twee 
grooste mannen des aardbols, die beiden voor het beiang 
van Romen moesten strijden, tegen elkanderen in het har- 
uasch te jagen. .Ter voivoering van dit rampzali^ voornee- 
men, rigten deze beide bcroemcle Veldheeren een legerop, 
waarmede zij elkanderen onophoudelijk teisierden. .Gee- 
ne woedender gevechten werden geleverd, dan indeezen 
bloedigen strijd... .Dan hoe dapper Pompejus zijne 
krijgsbendeu ook ware, C/esar kreeg de overu inning aan 
zijne zijde.,.»In de Macedonische velden, waar de eind- 
palen van den roemruchtigen loopbaan dezes dapperen 

helds gesteld waren in dat rampzalig oord, waar diii- 

zende helden in het stof beten,—bij Pharsalim was het, 
dat de grootste overwinnaar overwonnen werd, zelfs 
zoodanig, dat hij over die zee, door welke hij kort te voo- 
ren met den standaard der overwinning been zwierde, als 
een vlugteling met een ongewapend vaaituig moest been 
Snellen, ten einde op het eiiaud Lesbos zijne veiligheid te 
zoeken, om zich vervolgens in de armen van den koning 
Ptolemeus te werpen !...... 

Was het lot van dezen held ougelukkig, dat van Ojesar 
was niet minder ongunstig. Een tweede Mabius zijnde, 



traehte hi}, na het geen hem in den weg slondt te Irebbcn 
weggernimd, zich van het oppergezag meester te tnaaken, 
en gaf zich den titei van altoosduureni Gezaghebber. 
Zoodanige aanmatiging strookte geenszints met de vrij- 
heidlievende denkbeelden der Ronieinen, waarmn dan 
Caesar m het midden van den Senaat ontzield werd, 
door het hoofd der zaarogezworenen, Brutus : afstam- 
nieling van hem, die den moed bezat, Tarquinius te 
verdrijven en zijnzoonsals een offer aan het vaderland te 
vvijden! 

Was het bestek dezer Leerrede niet te bekrompen, 
welk een ruim veld schoot 'er dan nog overig — welk eene 
stof was 'er dan niet voorhanden, om uit de gevallen der 
Romeinen leerzame lessen te trekken. Dan te beperkt 
in deze schetsende Leerrede zijnde, houde men het ten 
goede, dat 'er niet breed uiigeweid wordt, over de verrich- 
tingen van Marcus Antonius. Reeds is 'er genoeg 
gezegd, om de wisselvalligheid van het menschelijk lotte 
doen zien, dan dat zij nog zoude behoeven vermeerderd te 
worden, met die van dezen rusteloosen Veldheer, welcher 
onder het Romeinsch Driemadschap behoorende ; en die? 
door zijn huwlijk met de Egiptische koningin Cleopa- 
tra, het einde van zijn geluk daarzag ; vermits den 
keizer Augustus, met wiens zuster Antonius getrouwd 
was, dit bedrijf zoo envel opnam, dat hij Antonius be- 
oorloogde, overwon, en noodzaakte zichzelf om het Jeven 
te brengen !. . . .Over welk voorvai Cleopatra zoo zeer 
gerroffen werd, dat zij, ter voorkoming van in de handen 
des vijands te vallen, het wreede besluit nam, zich op eene 
wijze ter dood te brengen, waarvan de geschiedenissen 



197 



geen voorbeeld opleveren ; daar zij aan haren boezem twee 

levendige adders plaatste, die haren dood bewerkten ! 

De lof van Cato en Cicero, die de zeden en de za- 
menzwering van Catilina met zoo veel vuurs uitboe- 
zemden, is mede te groot om in ziju geheel le melden. 
Genocg zij het om over het gevoel en de vaderlandsliefde 
van Cato te kunuen oordeelen, wanneer men weet, datliij 
liever den duod dan de slavernij vetkoos, en zich derhal- 
ven om het leven bracht, ten einde niet onder het geweld 
van C^sar te bukken : wordende Cicero door het 
Driemanschap vervolgd en ter dood gebraeht. Geen mel- 
ding vvordt 'er mede gemaakt van die laatste dappere Ro- 
meinen Cassius en Brutus, die de vrijheid van hun 
land nog poogden te verdedigen : het bestek is te kort om 
al het gedenkwaardige, met de vereischte kleuren, afte- 
schetsen : waarom men dan ten einde zal Snellen, met te 
zeggen, hoe veele helden uit haren sehoot waren geteld ; 
hoe veel getrouwheid 'er plaats greep, Rome konde zich 
voorhetaltoos rollende noodiot mede niet beveiligen. .Wa- 
ren de heerschappijen der Assiriers, Meders, en Persen, ten 
gronde gedaald ; hadden de Macedoniers de wisselvalligheicl 
van het fortuin ondergaau, de Romeinen konden zich 
mede niet bewaaren . . . . Zij die op hunne gedenkpennip. 
gen zich gelukkig t onverwinlijk, en eeuwig noemden, vie- 

len ais alle andere volkeren gevallen waren! En 

wat is van dat gedeukwaardig volk overgeblcven ? Niets 
anders dan de bloote naani, vermits thans in de plaats 

zelve, een Romein ver te zoeken zoude zijn Hoe 

treurig is de beschouwing, wanneer men van een volk, 
dat haren eerstoel tot aan de wolken verhefte, niets meer 



i2 



19S 

vindt dan eeu dood, een krachteloos overblijfzel !...... 

Hadden de Tarquiniussen niet zoo barbaarsch over eeu 
volk gehandeld, dat de dapperbeid van Romulus en 
Tullius Hostilius met verwondering beschouwde ; 
—dat de godsvrucbt van Numa eerbiedigde en de min- 
zaamheid van Ankus Marcius hoogschatte; R-ome 

liadt zich nimnier tot een Gemeenebest gevornidt ! • 

En was het eerste vuur in bet bait der Romeinen geblee- 
ven, — hadden de vonken van heldenmoed in hunnen boe- 

zem, met dezelfde gloed blijveu tintelen; liadt den 

slaap bunne oogleden niet bedekt, toeu de verwijfdheid. 
heimelijk bunne harten bekroop ; Rome bad nimmer op 
nieuw eenen scepter over baar zien zwaaijeu — en een — 
Gemeenebest gebleven ! ...... 

Dat dan de vai van Rome eene les voor de gantscbe 
wereld zij ; — dat men met nut 'er leerzaamheid uittrekke, 
—en hoe voldaan zai den nakomeling zich achten, geene 
reden te vinden, van deeze treurige uitgalming van zich 
te moeten laten gaan : waar is uwe grootheid ! 

Hoe voldaan zullen onze naneeven zijn, wanneer zij 

van de volkeren der acbttiende en negentiende eeuwen 
zullen kuanen zeggen : Zij Helen zich door geene trotsch* 
heid verMinden ; geene verwijfdheid boeide hunne ziittui- 
gen 9 en daarom zijn wu gelukkigl 



109 

ANSWER to BOUNAPARTE's SPEECH to the 

Council of Commerce, dated March 31, 1811, 

and his Ileply to the Address of the Ionian Isles, Aug, 

IS, 181J. 

You say, "the Berlin and Milan Decrees are the laws 
of my Empire, so far as regards neutral commerce." If 
so, then the English will persevere in the enforcement of 
their Orders in Council. Besides, what favour, then, let 
me ask, can the Americans expect from you, if the 
English are not pleased to give them the freedom of the 
seas ? The fate of American commerce is of course 
decided. You say "All commercial relations with Eng- 
land must cease." — Wherefore ? To complete our ruin 
■ — lo make us slaves, and our children soldiers. This is not 
a new plan ; it is only your old policy, for from the begin- 
ning of your career your language has been — "No treaty 
of commerce with England ; the English may do what 
they can, and so will I," Shortly after, you began to pro- 
hibit the importation of many English goods, which for- 
merly were introduced. All people of sense foresaw this 
to be the first foundation of misunderstanding between two 
neighbours ; for which reason I think you are the ag- 
gressor in the war, and the beginner of all our misfortunes. 

You give us to understand that you will shortly compel 
all persons on the Continent to withdraw their funds from 
England; but you know as well as myself, that many, 
in that case, will be obliged to diminish their rank, others 
will be reduced to poverty, and to many, life itself will be 
a burthen. Be prudent, sir, and humane. — You say, "I 
wish for peace." But I fear your first demand from 
England will be the status quo. The English will make 



200 

this demand of you on the Continent. You will not hear 
England, and England will not listen to you. You wish 
for guarantees in case you should make peace; this is just 
what the English want from you. You erect Holland into 
a kingdom, some misunderstanding arises between the 
King and you, and you turn him out. In short, you unite 
kingdoms, countries, towns, and rivers, to France, and 
disunite them according to your veering thoughts. No- 
thing but inconstancy is certain to you. You say, " Some 
have become bankrupts in France by their extravagant 
speculations." But, sir, many have been ruined, and 
many more will be so, by your bitter Decrees. You cun- 
ningly mention the former, and omit the latter. You say, 
" The merchants blame, in high terms, ray measures, and 
say that 1 am badly advised." If your own people have 
a bad opinion of your conduct, who will praise you ? Be- 
sides, consider they are French merchants, and not stran- 
gers; many of them venerable by age and virtue, pos- 
sessing a consummate knowledge of the wants and mise- 
ries of the country; many of them were formerly Mem- 
bers of the State, and knew France and the world before 
you were born ; and to such men, sir, you think yourself 
superior in knowledge : I pity much your wretched situa- 
tion, but much more those who are aod shall be the vic- 
tims of it. Moreover, should you remember no other of 
your mad projects but your erroneous step of going to 
Spain, and how unwilling you were to listen to good 
counsel before you embarked in that shameful business, 
this alone ought to cause the high thoughts in your brain 
to sink into your feet, and make you think that you are no 
better than others, who eat, drink, and sleep, and take 



201 

wives and no wives, marry and unmarry, and so forth. 
Qu' en penstz-vous? Against England you will be armed 
hand and foot. So was Saucho Pancba.-— But, wherefore? 
to do 'liothiiig. You speak and proclaim aloud: so ciii'- 
dren shout when they pass a church-yard by night, to dis- 
guise their fear. You talk of the injurious consequences 
produced here by the interruption of commerce with the 
Continent ; but, Sir, if you think by these means to ac- 
complish your designs, then you must say that an eighth 
part of the resources being stopped will be sufficient to ac- 
complish them. You say, "England is overwhelmed with 
paper." But at the same time she is not deficient in golf-, 
when she wants it. You cannot be ignorant of this. To 

> speak concisely, when I have a bank-note of one pound, 
at the same time I say that I have twenty shillings: 
these are synonimous terms. The inference I leave to you. 
You boast that you have 200 millions in your private trea- 
sury at the Thuilleries ; but, Sir, are the people rich be- 
cause you are ? You entertain the people with sayings 
"Chemistry will produce sugar, coffee, and indigo;" 

i which are truly chemical or chimerical promises ; for you 

I know better. You should say openly, that the people on 
jthe Continent may amuse themselves in doing and living with- 
out these and many other things; but, Sir, the remem- 
brance of these articles, which they enjoyed formerly with 
ease, and the happy situation of other nations who now 
enjoy them in abundance, canuot but produce gloomy and 
sorrowful thoughts, which will endure as long as you reign. 
You wish for maritime commerce ; but, Sir, if you wish 
it with French Colonies, it is too late — they are gone. If 
you endeavour to go to the Colonies of other nations, to 



202 

beg colonial produce for your manufacturers, I wish you 
would go as a stranger, since you are a stranger to us, 
and not in the name of the French peoptej who are more 
noble minded. You say, " The English have better Ad- 
mirals, and that is a great advantage ; we may lose one, 
two, three battles; we will gain the fourth, by the simple 
and natural reason, that the weaker must give way to the 
stronger." But, Sir, suppose the number of vessels and 
manners to be equal on both sides, do you think that your 
argument is conclusive ? For my own part, my algebra 
and metaphysical rules stop here. I hope that you will 
explain yourself in another thesis, or in a treatise on a 
new logic. By this declaration you show how little you 
value the lives of others* though life is as dear to each I 
individual as your's is to yourself. You give yourself the 
title of Napoleon I. but take the title of Catiiine II. and 
it will be proper— for, as he was the scourge of Rome, so 
you are of France, and the disturber of the world. Again, 
whether you will make our grand-children happy is uncer- 
tain at least ; certain it is, however, you change our short 
life into a long miserable one. Tell us what name to give I 
him who conquers people only to make them wretched. 
The Romans subdued nations, but not their laws and liber, 
ties. 



293 

ENGELSCHE 

SPRAAKWIJZEN, &c. 

DEN 

LEERL1NG VOORGELEGD 

TE 

VERDUI TSCHEN. , 



IT.! ANY a trap is laid to ensnare the feet of youth. 

We should subject our fancies to the government of 
reason. 

We shall not. be the happier for possessing talents and 
affluence, unless we make a right use of them. 

The truly good mind is not dismayed by poverty, af- 
flictions, or death. 

The comeliness of youth are modesty and frankness ; of 
age, condescension and dignity. 

W 7 e may be playful, and yet innocent ; grave, and yet 
, corrupt. It is only from general conduct that our true 
I character can be pourtrayed. 

To recommend virtue to others, our lights must shine 
brightly, not dully. 

In all our reasoning, our minds should be sincerely em- 
ployed in the pursuit of truth. 

Rude behaviour and indecent language are peculiarly 
disgraceful to youth of education. 

A judicious arrangement of studies facilitates improve- 
i ment. 

Gratitude is a forcible and active principle in good aad 
generous minds. 






204 

Neither time nor misfortunes should erase the remem- 
brance of a friend. 

We should have sense and virtue enough to recede from 
our demands, when they appear to be unreasonable. 

A favour conferred with delicacy doubles the ob'igation. 
The precepts of a good education have oflen recurred in 
the time of need, 

Any thing committed to the trust and care of another is 
a deposit. 

Judicious abridgements often aid the studies of youth. 
In many pursuits, we embark with pleasure, and land 
sorrowfully. 

We may be very busy to no useful purpose. 
Health and peace, the most valuable possessions, are 
obtained at small expense. 

True happines is an enemy to pomp and noise, 
Licentiousness and crimes pave the way to ruin, 
Philosophers agreed in despising riches as the encum- 
brances of life. 

Wars are regulated robberies and piracies^ 
Fishes increase more than beasts or birds^ as appears 
from their numerous spawn. 

The pyramids of Egypt have §tood more than three 
thousand years. 
It is laudable to inquire before we determine. 
Many things are plausible in theory which fail in prac- 
tice. 

Learning and knowledge must be attained by slow de- 
grees ; and are the reward of diligence and patience. 

THE END, 



J, llamblin, Printer 3 Sugar Loaf Court, Oarlich'HUU 
















°0 











































' ^> 











































































^, ^ 



^ ^ 



.* ^ 


















- 



'& 









